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@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ reduced the family relation to a mere money relation.
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The bourgeoisie has disclosed how it came to pass that the brutal display of
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vigour in the Middle Ages, which reactionaries so much admire, found its
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fitting complement in the most slothful indolence. It has been the first to
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show what man’s activity can bring about. It has accomplished wonders far
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show what man's activity can bring about. It has accomplished wonders far
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surpassing Egyptian pyramids, Roman aqueducts, and Gothic cathedrals; it has
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conducted expeditions that put in the shade all former Exoduses of nations and
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crusades.
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@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by
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the immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all, even the most
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barbarian, nations into civilisation. The cheap prices of commodities are the
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heavy artillery with which it batters down all Chinese walls, with which it
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forces the barbarians’ intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners to capitulate.
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forces the barbarians' intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners to capitulate.
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It compels all nations, on pain of extinction, to adopt the bourgeois mode of
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production; it compels them to introduce what it calls civilisation into their
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midst, i.e., to become bourgeois themselves. In one word, it creates a world
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@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ one frontier, and one customs-tariff.
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The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more
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massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding
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generations together. Subjection of Nature’s forces to man, machinery,
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generations together. Subjection of Nature's forces to man, machinery,
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application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam-navigation,
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railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation,
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canalisation of rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground — what
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@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ ever more fluctuating. The increasing improvement of machinery, ever more
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rapidly developing, makes their livelihood more and more precarious; the
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collisions between individual workmen and individual bourgeois take more and
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more the character of collisions between two classes. Thereupon, the workers
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begin to form combinations (Trades’ Unions) against the bourgeois; they club
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begin to form combinations (Trades' Unions) against the bourgeois; they club
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together in order to keep up the rate of wages; they found permanent
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associations in order to make provision beforehand for these occasional
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revolts. Here and there, the contest breaks out into riots.
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@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ political party, is continually being upset again by the competition between
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the workers themselves. But it ever rises up again, stronger, firmer,
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mightier. It compels legislative recognition of particular interests of the
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workers, by taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie itself.
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Thus, the ten-hours’ bill in England was carried.
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Thus, the ten-hours' bill in England was carried.
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Altogether collisions between the classes of the old society further, in many
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ways, the course of development of the proletariat. The bourgeoisie finds
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@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ In this sense, the theory of the Communists may be summed up in the single
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sentence: Abolition of private property.
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We Communists have been reproached with the desire of abolishing the right of
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personally acquiring property as the fruit of a man’s own labour, which
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personally acquiring property as the fruit of a man's own labour, which
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property is alleged to be the groundwork of all personal freedom, activity and
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independence.
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@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ identical with the disappearance of all culture.
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That culture, the loss of which he laments, is, for the enormous majority, a
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mere training to act as a machine.
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But don’t wrangle with us so long as you apply, to our intended abolition of
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But don't wrangle with us so long as you apply, to our intended abolition of
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bourgeois property, the standard of your bourgeois notions of freedom,
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culture, law, &c. Your very ideas are but the outgrowth of the conditions of
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your bourgeois production and bourgeois property, just as your jurisprudence
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@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ introduce community of women; it has existed almost from time immemorial.
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Our bourgeois, not content with having wives and daughters of their
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proletarians at their disposal, not to speak of common prostitutes, take the
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greatest pleasure in seducing each other’s wives.
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greatest pleasure in seducing each other's wives.
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Bourgeois marriage is, in reality, a system of wives in common and thus, at
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the most, what the Communists might possibly be reproached with is that they
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@ -756,8 +756,8 @@ The charges against Communism made from a religious, a philosophical and,
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generally, from an ideological standpoint, are not deserving of serious
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examination.
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Does it require deep intuition to comprehend that man’s ideas, views, and
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conception, in one word, man’s consciousness, changes with every change in the
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Does it require deep intuition to comprehend that man's ideas, views, and
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conception, in one word, man's consciousness, changes with every change in the
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conditions of his material existence, in his social relations and in his
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social life?
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@ -854,7 +854,7 @@ abolition of all the distinction between town and country by a more equable
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distribution of the populace over the country.
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@item Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of
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children’s factory labour in its present form. Combination of education with
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children's factory labour in its present form. Combination of education with
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industrial production, &c, &c.
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@end enumerate
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@ -900,7 +900,7 @@ and whispering in his ears sinister prophesies of coming catastrophe.
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In this way arose feudal Socialism: half lamentation, half lampoon; half an
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echo of the past, half menace of the future; at times, by its bitter, witty
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and incisive criticism, striking the bourgeoisie to the very heart’s core; but
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and incisive criticism, striking the bourgeoisie to the very heart's core; but
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always ludicrous in its effect, through total incapacity to comprehend the
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march of modern history.
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@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@ societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals, temperance fanatics,
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hole-and-corner reformers of every imaginable kind. This form of socialism
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has, moreover, been worked out into complete systems.
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We may cite Proudhon’s Philosophie de la Misère as an example of this form.
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We may cite Proudhon's Philosophie de la Misère as an example of this form.
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The Socialistic bourgeois want all the advantages of modern social conditions
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without the struggles and dangers necessarily resulting therefrom. They desire
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