Avoid use of 'you'
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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Modula-2 \- ACK Modula-2 compiler
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.SH INTRODUCTION
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.SH INTRODUCTION
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This document provides a short introduction to the use of the ACK Modula-2
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This document provides a short introduction to the use of the ACK Modula-2
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compiler. It also
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compiler. It also
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tells you where to find definition modules for "standard" modules.
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mentions the location of definition modules for "standard" modules.
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.SH FILENAMES
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.SH FILENAMES
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Usually, a Modula-2 program consists of several definition and implementation
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Usually, a Modula-2 program consists of several definition and implementation
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modules, and one program module.
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modules, and one program module.
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@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ the compiler will try to open a file called "LongModulN.def".
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The requirement does not hold for implementation or program modules,
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The requirement does not hold for implementation or program modules,
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but is certainly recommended.
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but is certainly recommended.
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.SH CALLING THE COMPILER
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.SH CALLING THE COMPILER
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The easiest way to do this is to let the \fIack\fR(1) program do it for you.
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The easiest way to do this is to let the \fIack\fR(1) program do it.
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So, to compile a program module "prog.mod", just call
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So, to compile a program module "prog.mod", just call
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.nf
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.nf
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\fBack\fR \-m\fImach\fR prog.mod [ objects of implementation modules ]
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\fBack\fR \-m\fImach\fR prog.mod [ objects of implementation modules ]
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@ -126,10 +126,9 @@ and
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.PP
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.PP
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.B C_busy
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.B C_busy
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can be invoked in order
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can be invoked in order
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to detect whether EM code is currently being generated, i.e. whether you are
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to detect whether EM code is currently being generated, i.e. whether
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in between calls to
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.B C_open
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.B C_open
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and
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is invoked without a corresponding
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.BR C_close .
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.BR C_close .
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If this is the case,
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If this is the case,
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.B C_busy
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.B C_busy
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@ -271,9 +271,9 @@ initialises for reading an "object file" from file descriptor
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at its current position.
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at its current position.
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This is useful for reading an object that resides in an archive.
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This is useful for reading an object that resides in an archive.
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It returns 1 if it succeeds, 0 otherwise.
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It returns 1 if it succeeds, 0 otherwise.
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If you use this entry point for reading, you don't have to call
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When using this entry point for reading,
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.I rd_close
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.I rd_close
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to close the file. You can close the file yourself.
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does not have to be called.
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.PP
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.PP
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.I Rd_rew_relo
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.I Rd_rew_relo
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rewinds the relocation part, so that it can be read again.
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rewinds the relocation part, so that it can be read again.
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@ -287,9 +287,10 @@ and interpretes them as an unsigned integer.
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.I Rd_arhdr
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.I Rd_arhdr
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returns 1 if a header was read, and 0 on end-of-file.
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returns 1 if a header was read, and 0 on end-of-file.
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.PP
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.PP
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When using any of the reading routines, you must define a routine
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When using any of the reading routines, a routine
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named
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named
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.IB rd_fatal .
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.I rd_fatal
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must be defined.
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It is called when a read fails, and is not supposed to return.
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It is called when a read fails, and is not supposed to return.
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Likewise, a routine
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Likewise, a routine
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.I wr_fatal
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.I wr_fatal
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@ -227,8 +227,8 @@ Use Definition analysis (UD) may introduce opportunities for LV.
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Strength Reduction (SR) may create opportunities for UD.
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Strength Reduction (SR) may create opportunities for UD.
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.RE
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.RE
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.IP ""
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.IP ""
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The global optimizer is a combiner, so, when using it, offer it all the source
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The global optimizer is a combiner, so it should be offered all the source
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files of your program. This is not strictly necessary, but it makes the
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files of the program. This is not strictly necessary, but it makes the
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global optimizer more effective.
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global optimizer more effective.
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The current default optimization phases are:
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The current default optimization phases are:
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.RS
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.RS
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@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ as an option string to the Pascal compiler and supersedes corresponding
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options given in the source file.
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options given in the source file.
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See the ACK reference manual [4] for a list of options.
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See the ACK reference manual [4] for a list of options.
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.IP "\-+xxx, \-\-xxx"
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.IP "\-+xxx, \-\-xxx"
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When you want to interpret your program, you may select some
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When interpreting programs, these flags are used to select some
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options during interpretation, like test, profile, flow, extra and count.
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options during interpretation, like test, profile, flow, extra and count.
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A short description of these flags follows:
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A short description of these flags follows:
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.RS
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.RS
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@ -292,9 +292,9 @@ count the number of times a source line is executed.
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count the memory cycles executed per source line.
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count the memory cycles executed per source line.
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.RE
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.RE
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.IP "" 5
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.IP "" 5
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Test is on by default, the others are off. Normally, you give these
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Test is on by default, the others are off. Normally, these
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flag options each time you run the interpreter.
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flag options are given each time the interpreter is run.
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The EM assembler/linker gives you the opportunity to change
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The EM assembler/linker offers the opportunity to change
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the defaults per program.
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the defaults per program.
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The changed options are recorded in the "e.out" header.
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The changed options are recorded in the "e.out" header.
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These flags \-\- and \-+ are passed to the assembler for this purpose.
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These flags \-\- and \-+ are passed to the assembler for this purpose.
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@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Em_ass assembles and links EM modules.
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Arguments may be flags, EM modules or libraries.
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Arguments may be flags, EM modules or libraries.
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Flags recognized are:
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Flags recognized are:
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.IP "-ss, -sm, -sl, -sx"
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.IP "-ss, -sm, -sl, -sx"
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Indicate that your program is small, medium, large, or extra large.
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Indicate that the program is small, medium, large, or extra large.
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Large is the default.
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Large is the default.
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.IP -p
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.IP -p
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List all procedure names together with base-address (decimal and octal),
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List all procedure names together with base-address (decimal and octal),
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@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ produced code the only messages to expect are "Out of memory"
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or of the
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or of the
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form: Overflow in XXXX. The latter can usually be cured by giving
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form: Overflow in XXXX. The latter can usually be cured by giving
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a -sx flag,
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a -sx flag,
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the former means your program is too big, dimishing
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the former means the program is too big, dimishing
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the size of very large procedures can sometimes help.
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the size of very large procedures can sometimes help.
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The most likely errors, however, are unresolved references,
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The most likely errors, however, are unresolved references,
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probably caused by the omission of a library argument.
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probably caused by the omission of a library argument.
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@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ implemented.
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All diagnostics are written to the message file.
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All diagnostics are written to the message file.
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Diagnostics come in three flavors:
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Diagnostics come in three flavors:
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.IP \-
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.IP \-
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(messages): These inform you about NOP instructions, give more information
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(messages): These mention NOP instructions, give more information
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about incoming signals and display the exit status of the program.
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about incoming signals and display the exit status of the program.
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.IP \-
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.IP \-
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(warnings): These are generated as a result of the checking.
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(warnings): These are generated as a result of the checking.
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@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ For each member of a library that is linked, give a message on standard
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error telling why
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error telling why
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.I led
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.I led
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chose to link it (which unresolved reference it resolves).
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chose to link it (which unresolved reference it resolves).
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This option is useful if you have 'multiply defined' problems.
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This option is useful in resolving 'multiply defined' problems.
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.SH FILES
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.SH FILES
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~em/lib/em_led
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~em/lib.bin/em_led
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a.out output file
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a.out output file
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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ack(1)
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ack(1)
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@ -15,16 +15,14 @@ EM programs in compact form.
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These files are only machine readable.
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These files are only machine readable.
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A description of this compact form can be found in [1].
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A description of this compact form can be found in [1].
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To inspect the code produced by compilers or to patch them for one reason
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To inspect the code produced by compilers or to patch them for one reason
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or another, you need human readable assembly code.
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or another, human readable assembly code is needed.
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Em_decode will do the job for you.
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Em_decode produces human readable assembly code from the compact form.
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.PP
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.PP
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Em_decode accepts the normal compact form in both optimized and
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Em_decode accepts the normal compact form in both optimized and
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unoptimized form
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unoptimized form.
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.PP
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.PP
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Sometimes you have to make some special routines directly
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Em_encode produces the compact form
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in EM, for instance the routines implementing the system calls.
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out of these human readable assembly code.
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At these times you may use em_encode to produce compact routines
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out of these human readable assembly modules.
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.PP
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.PP
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The first argument is the input file.
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The first argument is the input file.
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The second argument is the output file.
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The second argument is the output file.
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@ -35,7 +33,7 @@ A.S.Tanenbaum, Ed Keizer, Hans van Staveren & J.W.Stevenson
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"Description of a machine architecture for use of
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"Description of a machine architecture for use of
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block structured languages" Informatica rapport IR-81.
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block structured languages" Informatica rapport IR-81.
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.IP [2]
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.IP [2]
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ack(I)
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ack(1)
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.SH DIAGNOSTICS
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.SH DIAGNOSTICS
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Error messages are intended to be self-explanatory.
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Error messages are intended to be self-explanatory.
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.SH AUTHOR
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.SH AUTHOR
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