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updated for photo-typesetter

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dick 1986-02-04 17:37:41 +00:00
parent f3e2248cc4
commit 9694054674
19 changed files with 3724 additions and 2420 deletions
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15
doc/em/Makefile
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@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
head: doc.pr
NROFF=nroff
FILES = macr.nr title.nr intro.nr mem.nr ispace.nr dspace.nr mapping.nr types.nr descr.nr iotrap.nr mach.nr assem.nr app.nr
TBL=tbl
FILES = macr.nr title.nr intro.nr mem.nr ispace.nr dspace.nr mapping.nr \
types.nr descr.nr env.nr traps.nr mach.nr assem.nr \
app.int.nr app.codes.nr app.exam.nr cont.nr
IOP=../../util/ass/ip_spec.t
doc.pr: $(FILES) itables em.i
tbl $(FILES) | $(NROFF) >doc.pr
doc.pr: $(FILES) itables em.i Makefile
$(TBL) $(FILES) | $(NROFF) >doc.pr
distr: $(FILES) itables em.i
tbl $(FILES) | nroff -Tlp >doc.pr
@ -22,10 +25,10 @@ app.t: itables em.i
em.i: int/em.p
@echo Sorry, this copy was edited by hand from int/em.p
itables: $(IOP)
awk -f ip.awk $(IOP) | tbl >itables
itables: $(IOP) ip.awk
awk -f ip.awk $(IOP) | sed 's/-/\\-/g" | $(TBL) >itables
.SUFFIXES : .pr .nr
.nr.pr: ; tbl macr.nr $*.nr | $(NROFF) >$@
.nr.pr: ; $(TBL) macr.nr $*.nr | $(NROFF) >$@
cont.t intro.t mem.t ispace.t dspace.t mapping.t succ.t descr.t iotrap.t mach.t assem.t kern.t app.t: macr.nr

8
doc/em/READ_ME
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@ -1 +1,7 @@
Sorry, the kun macro package is not ours to distribute.
This it the text of IR-81,
DESCRIPTION OF A MACHINE ARCHITECTURE FOR USE WITH BLOCK STRUCTURED LANGUAGES
To print, set NROFF and TBL in the Makefile and call make.
It uses the kun macro package which is also distributed.
The directory int contains the interpreter.

210
doc/em/app.codes.nr Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
.BP
.AP "EM CODE TABLES"
The following table is used by the assembler for EM machine
language.
It specifies the opcodes used for each instruction and
how arguments are mapped to machine language arguments.
The table is presented in three columns,
each line in each column contains three or four fields.
Each line describes a range of interpreter opcodes by
specifying for which instruction the range is used, the type of the
opcodes (mini, shortie, etc..) and range for the instruction
argument.
.A
The first field on each line gives the EM instruction mnemonic,
the second field gives some flags.
If the opcodes are minis or shorties the third field specifies
how many minis/shorties are used.
The last field gives the number of the (first) interpreter
opcode.
.N 1
Flags :
.IS 3
.N 1
Opcode type, only one of the following may be specified.
.PS - 5 " "
.PT \-
opcode without argument
.PT m
mini
.PT s
shortie
.PT 2
opcode with 2-byte signed argument
.PT 4
opcode with 4-byte signed argument
.PT 8
opcode with 8-byte signed argument
.PE
Secondary (escaped) opcodes.
.PS - 5 " "
.PT e
The opcode thus marked is in the secondary opcode group instead
of the primary
.PE
restrictions on arguments
.PS - 5 " "
.PT N
Negative arguments only
.PT P
Positive and zero arguments only
.PE
mapping of arguments
.PS - 5 " "
.PT w
argument must be divisible by the wordsize and is divided by the
wordsize before use as opcode argument.
.PT o
argument ( possibly after division ) must be >= 1 and is
decremented before use as opcode argument
.PE
.IE
If the opcode type is 2,4 or 8 the resulting argument is used as
opcode argument (least significant byte first).
.N
If the opcode type is mini, the argument is added
to the first opcode \- if in range \- .
If the argument is negative, the absolute value minus one is
used in the algorithm above.
.N
For shorties with positive arguments the first opcode is used
for arguments in the range 0..255, the second for the range
256..511, etc..
For shorties with negative arguments the first opcode is used
for arguments in the range \-1..\-256, the second for the range
\-257..\-512, etc..
The byte following the opcode contains the least significant
byte of the argument.
First some examples of these specifications.
.PS - 5
.PT "aar mwPo 1 34"
Indicates that opcode 34 is used as a mini for Positive
instruction arguments only.
The w and o indicate division and decrementing of the
instruction argument.
Because the resulting argument must be zero ( only opcode 34 may be used
), this mini can only be used for instruction argument 2.
Conclusion: opcode 34 is for "AAR 2".
.PT "adp sP 1 41"
Opcode 41 is used as shortie for ADP with arguments in the range
0..255.
.PT "bra sN 2 60"
Opcode 60 is used as shortie for BRA with arguments \-1..\-256,
61 is used for arguments \-257..\-512.
.PT "zer e\- 145"
Escaped opcode 145 is used for ZER.
.PE
The interpreter opcode table:
.N 1
.IS 3
.DS B
.so itables
.DE 0
.IE
.P
The table above results in the following dispatch tables.
Dispatch tables are used by interpreters to jump to the
routines implementing the EM instructions, indexed by the next opcode.
Each line of the dispatch tables gives the routine names
of eight consecutive opcodes, preceded by the first opcode number
on that line.
Routine names consist of an EM mnemonic followed by a suffix.
The suffices show the encoding used for each opcode.
.N
The following suffices exist:
.N 1
.VS 1 0
.IS 4
.PS - 11
.PT .z
no arguments
.PT .l
16-bit argument
.PT .lw
16-bit argument divided by the wordsize
.PT .p
positive 16-bit argument
.PT .pw
positive 16-bit argument divided by the wordsize
.PT .n
negative 16-bit argument
.PT .nw
negative 16-bit argument divided by the wordsize
.PT .s<num>
shortie with <num> as high order argument byte
.PT .sw<num>
shortie with argument divided by the wordsize
.PT .<num>
mini with <num> as argument
.PT .<num>W
mini with <num>*wordsize as argument
.PE 3
<num> is a possibly negative integer.
.VS 1 1
.IE
The dispatch table for the 256 primary opcodes:
.DS B
.ta 7n 16n 25n 34n 43n 52n 61n 70n
0 loc.0 loc.1 loc.2 loc.3 loc.4 loc.5 loc.6 loc.7
8 loc.8 loc.9 loc.10 loc.11 loc.12 loc.13 loc.14 loc.15
16 loc.16 loc.17 loc.18 loc.19 loc.20 loc.21 loc.22 loc.23
24 loc.24 loc.25 loc.26 loc.27 loc.28 loc.29 loc.30 loc.31
32 loc.32 loc.33 aar.1W adf.s0 adi.1W adi.2W adp.l adp.1
40 adp.2 adp.s0 adp.s\-1 ads.1W and.1W asp.1W asp.2W asp.3W
48 asp.4W asp.5W asp.w0 beq.l beq.s0 bge.s0 bgt.s0 ble.s0
56 blm.s0 blt.s0 bne.s0 bra.l bra.s\-1 bra.s\-2 bra.s0 bra.s1
64 cal.1 cal.2 cal.3 cal.4 cal.5 cal.6 cal.7 cal.8
72 cal.9 cal.10 cal.11 cal.12 cal.13 cal.14 cal.15 cal.16
80 cal.17 cal.18 cal.19 cal.20 cal.21 cal.22 cal.23 cal.24
88 cal.25 cal.26 cal.27 cal.28 cal.s0 cff.z cif.z cii.z
96 cmf.s0 cmi.1W cmi.2W cmp.z cms.s0 csa.1W csb.1W dec.z
104 dee.w0 del.w\-1 dup.1W dvf.s0 dvi.1W fil.l inc.z ine.lw
112 ine.w0 inl.\-1W inl.\-2W inl.\-3W inl.w\-1 inn.s0 ior.1W ior.s0
120 lae.l lae.w0 lae.w1 lae.w2 lae.w3 lae.w4 lae.w5 lae.w6
128 lal.p lal.n lal.0 lal.\-1 lal.w0 lal.w\-1 lal.w\-2 lar.W
136 ldc.0 lde.lw lde.w0 ldl.0 ldl.w\-1 lfr.1W lfr.2W lfr.s0
144 lil.w\-1 lil.w0 lil.0 lil.1W lin.l lin.s0 lni.z loc.l
152 loc.\-1 loc.s0 loc.s\-1 loe.lw loe.w0 loe.w1 loe.w2 loe.w3
160 loe.w4 lof.l lof.1W lof.2W lof.3W lof.4W lof.s0 loi.l
168 loi.1 loi.1W loi.2W loi.3W loi.4W loi.s0 lol.pw lol.nw
176 lol.0 lol.1W lol.2W lol.3W lol.\-1W lol.\-2W lol.\-3W lol.\-4W
184 lol.\-5W lol.\-6W lol.\-7W lol.\-8W lol.w0 lol.w\-1 lxa.1 lxl.1
192 lxl.2 mlf.s0 mli.1W mli.2W rck.1W ret.0 ret.1W ret.s0
200 rmi.1W sar.1W sbf.s0 sbi.1W sbi.2W sdl.w\-1 set.s0 sil.w\-1
208 sil.w0 sli.1W ste.lw ste.w0 ste.w1 ste.w2 stf.l stf.W
216 stf.2W stf.s0 sti.1 sti.1W sti.2W sti.3W sti.4W sti.s0
224 stl.pw stl.nw stl.0 stl.1W stl.\-1W stl.\-2W stl.\-3W stl.\-4W
232 stl.\-5W stl.w\-1 teq.z tgt.z tlt.z tne.z zeq.l zeq.s0
240 zeq.s1 zer.s0 zge.s0 zgt.s0 zle.s0 zlt.s0 zne.s0 zne.s\-1
248 zre.lw zre.w0 zrl.\-1W zrl.\-2W zrl.w\-1 zrl.nw escape1 escape2
.DE 2
The list of secondary opcodes (escape1):
.N 1
.DS B
.ta 7n 16n 25n 34n 43n 52n 61n 70n
0 aar.l aar.z adf.l adf.z adi.l adi.z ads.l ads.z
8 adu.l adu.z and.l and.z asp.lw ass.l ass.z bge.l
16 bgt.l ble.l blm.l bls.l bls.z blt.l bne.l cai.z
24 cal.l cfi.z cfu.z ciu.z cmf.l cmf.z cmi.l cmi.z
32 cms.l cms.z cmu.l cmu.z com.l com.z csa.l csa.z
40 csb.l csb.z cuf.z cui.z cuu.z dee.lw del.pw del.nw
48 dup.l dus.l dus.z dvf.l dvf.z dvi.l dvi.z dvu.l
56 dvu.z fef.l fef.z fif.l fif.z inl.pw inl.nw inn.l
64 inn.z ior.l ior.z lar.l lar.z ldc.l ldf.l ldl.pw
72 ldl.nw lfr.l lil.pw lil.nw lim.z los.l los.z lor.s0
80 lpi.l lxa.l lxl.l mlf.l mlf.z mli.l mli.z mlu.l
88 mlu.z mon.z ngf.l ngf.z ngi.l ngi.z nop.z rck.l
96 rck.z ret.l rmi.l rmi.z rmu.l rmu.z rol.l rol.z
104 ror.l ror.z rtt.z sar.l sar.z sbf.l sbf.z sbi.l
112 sbi.z sbs.l sbs.z sbu.l sbu.z sde.l sdf.l sdl.pw
120 sdl.nw set.l set.z sig.z sil.pw sil.nw sim.z sli.l
128 sli.z slu.l slu.z sri.l sri.z sru.l sru.z sti.l
136 sts.l sts.z str.s0 tge.z tle.z trp.z xor.l xor.z
144 zer.l zer.z zge.l zgt.l zle.l zlt.l zne.l zrf.l
152 zrf.z zrl.pw dch.z exg.s0 exg.l exg.z lpb.z gto.l
.DE 2
Finally, the list of opcodes with four byte arguments (escape2).
.DS
.ta 7n 16n 25n 34n 43n 52n 61n 70n
0 loc
.DE 0

270
doc/em/app.exam.nr Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
.BP
.AP "AN EXAMPLE PROGRAM"
.DS B
.ta 4n 8n 12n 16n 20n
1 program example(output);
2 {This program just demonstrates typical EM code.}
3 type rec = record r1: integer; r2:real; r3: boolean end;
4 var mi: integer; mx:real; r:rec;
5
6 function sum(a,b:integer):integer;
7 begin
8 sum := a + b
9 end;
10
11 procedure test(var r: rec);
12 label 1;
13 var i,j: integer;
14 x,y: real;
15 b: boolean;
16 c: char;
17 a: array[1..100] of integer;
18
19 begin
20 j := 1;
21 i := 3 * j + 6;
22 x := 4.8;
23 y := x/0.5;
24 b := true;
25 c := 'z';
26 for i:= 1 to 100 do a[i] := i * i;
27 r.r1 := j+27;
28 r.r3 := b;
29 r.r2 := x+y;
30 i := sum(r.r1, a[j]);
31 while i > 0 do begin j := j + r.r1; i := i - 1 end;
32 with r do begin r3 := b; r2 := x+y; r1 := 0 end;
33 goto 1;
34 1: writeln(j, i:6, x:9:3, b)
35 end; {test}
36 begin {main program}
37 mx := 15.96;
38 mi := 99;
39 test(r)
40 end.
.DE 0
.BP
The EM code as produced by the Pascal-VU compiler is given below. Comments
have been added manually. Note that this code has already been optimized.
.DS B
.ta 1n 24n
mes 2,2,2 ; wordsize 2, pointersize 2
.1
rom 't.p\e000' ; the name of the source file
hol 552,\-32768,0 ; externals and buf occupy 552 bytes
exp $sum ; sum can be called from other modules
pro $sum,2 ; procedure sum ; 2 bytes local storage
lin 8 ; code from source line 8
ldl 0 ; load two locals ( a and b )
adi 2 ; add them
ret 2 ; return the result
end 2 ; end of procedure ( still two bytes local storage )
.2
rom 1,99,2 ; descriptor of array a[]
exp $test ; the compiler exports all level 0 procedures
pro $test,226 ; procedure test, 226 bytes local storage
.3
rom 4.8F8 ; assemble Floating point 4.8 (8 bytes) in
.4 ; global storage
rom 0.5F8 ; same for 0.5
mes 3,\-226,2,2 ; compiler temporary not referenced by address
mes 3,\-24,2,0 ; the same is true for i, j, b and c in test
mes 3,\-22,2,0
mes 3,\-4,2,0
mes 3,\-2,2,0
mes 3,\-20,8,0 ; and for x and y
mes 3,\-12,8,0
lin 20 ; maintain source line number
loc 1
stl \-4 ; j := 1
lni ; lin 21 prior to optimization
lol \-4
loc 3
mli 2
loc 6
adi 2
stl \-2 ; i := 3 * j + 6
lni ; lin 22 prior to optimization
lae .3
loi 8
lal \-12
sti 8 ; x := 4.8
lni ; lin 23 prior to optimization
lal \-12
loi 8
lae .4
loi 8
dvf 8
lal \-20
sti 8 ; y := x / 0.5
lni ; lin 24 prior to optimization
loc 1
stl \-22 ; b := true
lni ; lin 25 prior to optimization
loc 122
stl \-24 ; c := 'z'
lni ; lin 26 prior to optimization
loc 1
stl \-2 ; for i:= 1
2
lol \-2
dup 2
mli 2 ; i*i
lal \-224
lol \-2
lae .2
sar 2 ; a[i] :=
lol \-2
loc 100
beq *3 ; to 100 do
inl \-2 ; increment i and loop
bra *2
3
lin 27
lol \-4
loc 27
adi 2 ; j + 27
sil 0 ; r.r1 :=
lni ; lin 28 prior to optimization
lol \-22 ; b
lol 0
stf 10 ; r.r3 :=
lni ; lin 29 prior to optimization
lal \-20
loi 16
adf 8 ; x + y
lol 0
adp 2
sti 8 ; r.r2 :=
lni ; lin 23 prior to optimization
lal \-224
lol \-4
lae .2
lar 2 ; a[j]
lil 0 ; r.r1
cal $sum ; call now
asp 4 ; remove parameters from stack
lfr 2 ; get function result
stl \-2 ; i :=
4
lin 31
lol \-2
zle *5 ; while i > 0 do
lol \-4
lil 0
adi 2
stl \-4 ; j := j + r.r1
del \-2 ; i := i - 1
bra *4 ; loop
5
lin 32
lol 0
stl \-226 ; make copy of address of r
lol \-22
lol \-226
stf 10 ; r3 := b
lal \-20
loi 16
adf 8
lol \-226
adp 2
sti 8 ; r2 := x + y
loc 0
sil \-226 ; r1 := 0
lin 34 ; note the abscence of the unnecesary jump
lae 22 ; address of output structure
lol \-4
cal $_wri ; write integer with default width
asp 4 ; pop parameters
lae 22
lol \-2
loc 6
cal $_wsi ; write integer width 6
asp 6
lae 22
lal \-12
loi 8
loc 9
loc 3
cal $_wrf ; write fixed format real, width 9, precision 3
asp 14
lae 22
lol \-22
cal $_wrb ; write boolean, default width
asp 4
lae 22
cal $_wln ; writeln
asp 2
ret 0 ; return, no result
end 226
exp $_main
pro $_main,0 ; main program
.6
con 2,\-1,22 ; description of external files
.5
rom 15.96F8
fil .1 ; maintain source file name
lae .6 ; description of external files
lae 0 ; base of hol area to relocate buffer addresses
cal $_ini ; initialize files, etc...
asp 4
lin 37
lae .5
loi 8
lae 2
sti 8 ; mx := 15.96
lni ; lin 38 prior to optimization
loc 99
ste 0 ; mi := 99
lni ; lin 39 prior to optimization
lae 10 ; address of r
cal $test
asp 2
loc 0 ; normal exit
cal $_hlt ; cleanup and finish
asp 2
end 0
mes 5 ; reals were used
.DE 0
The compact code corresponding to the above program is listed below.
Read it horizontally, line by line, not column by column.
Each number represents a byte of compact code, printed in decimal.
The first two bytes form the magic word.
.N 1
.IS 3
.Dr 33
173 0 159 122 122 122 255 242 1 161 250 124 116 46 112 0
255 156 245 40 2 245 0 128 120 155 249 123 115 117 109 160
249 123 115 117 109 122 67 128 63 120 3 122 88 122 152 122
242 2 161 121 219 122 255 155 249 124 116 101 115 116 160 249
124 116 101 115 116 245 226 0 242 3 161 253 128 123 52 46
56 255 242 4 161 253 128 123 48 46 53 255 159 123 245 30
255 122 122 255 159 123 96 122 120 255 159 123 98 122 120 255
159 123 116 122 120 255 159 123 118 122 120 255 159 123 100 128
120 255 159 123 108 128 120 255 67 140 69 121 113 116 68 73
116 69 123 81 122 69 126 3 122 113 118 68 57 242 3 72
128 58 108 112 128 68 58 108 72 128 57 242 4 72 128 44
128 58 100 112 128 68 69 121 113 98 68 69 245 122 0 113
96 68 69 121 113 118 182 73 118 42 122 81 122 58 245 32
255 73 118 57 242 2 94 122 73 118 69 220 10 123 54 118
18 122 183 67 147 73 116 69 147 3 122 104 120 68 73 98
73 120 111 130 68 58 100 72 136 2 128 73 120 4 122 112
128 68 58 245 32 255 73 116 57 242 2 59 122 65 120 20
249 123 115 117 109 8 124 64 122 113 118 184 67 151 73 118
128 125 73 116 65 120 3 122 113 116 41 118 18 124 185 67
152 73 120 113 245 30 255 73 98 73 245 30 255 111 130 58
100 72 136 2 128 73 245 30 255 4 122 112 128 69 120 104
245 30 255 67 154 57 142 73 116 20 249 124 95 119 114 105
8 124 57 142 73 118 69 126 20 249 124 95 119 115 105 8
126 57 142 58 108 72 128 69 129 69 123 20 249 124 95 119
114 102 8 134 57 142 73 98 20 249 124 95 119 114 98 8
124 57 142 20 249 124 95 119 108 110 8 122 88 120 152 245
226 0 155 249 125 95 109 97 105 110 160 249 125 95 109 97
105 110 120 242 6 151 122 119 142 255 242 5 161 253 128 125
49 53 46 57 54 255 50 242 1 57 242 6 57 120 20 249
124 95 105 110 105 8 124 67 157 57 242 5 72 128 57 122
112 128 68 69 219 110 120 68 57 130 20 249 124 116 101 115
116 8 122 69 120 20 249 124 95 104 108 116 8 122 152 120
159 124 160 255 159 125 255
.De
.IE

8
doc/em/app.int.nr Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
.BP
.AP "EM INTERPRETER"
.nf
.ft CW
.ta 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80
.so em.i
.ft P
.fi

354
doc/em/assem.nr
View file

@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ The scope of an instruction label is its procedure.
.A
The pseudoinstructions CON, ROM and BSS may be preceded by a
line containing a
1-8 character data label, the first character of which is a
1\-8 character data label, the first character of which is a
letter, period or underscore.
The period may only be followed by
digits, the others may be followed by letters, digits and underscores.
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ They do not belong to a specific procedure.
All constants in EM are interpreted in the decimal base.
The ASCII assembly language accepts constant expressions
wherever constants are allowed.
The operators recognized are: +, -, *, % and / with the usual
The operators recognized are: +, \-, *, % and / with the usual
precedence order.
Use of the parentheses ( and ) to alter the precedence order is allowed.
.S3 "Instruction arguments"
@ -109,16 +109,16 @@ integers on top of the stack are to be compared.
on top of the stack that specifies the size of the integers to
be compared.
Thus the following two sequences are equivalent:
.N 2
.N 1
.TS
center, tab(:) ;
l r 30 l r.
LDL:-10:LDL:-10
LDL:-14:LDL:-14
LDL:\-10:LDL:\-10
LDL:\-14:LDL:\-14
::LOC:4
CMI:4:CMI:
ZEQ:*1:ZEQ:*1
.TE 2
.TE 1
Section 11.1.6 shows the arguments allowed for each instruction.
.S3 "Pseudoinstruction arguments"
Pseudoinstruction arguments can be divided in two classes:
@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ initializer's size.
This integer is governed by the same restrictions as for
transfer of objects to/from memory.
As in instruction arguments, initializers include expressions of the form:
\&"LABEL+offset" and "LABEL-offset".
\&"LABEL+offset" and "LABEL\-offset".
The offset must be an unsigned decimal constant.
The 'IUF' indicators cannot be used in the offsets.
.P
@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ double quote:":\e"
bit pattern:\fBddd\fP:\e\fBddd\fP
.TE
.DE
The escape \fBddd\fP consists of the backslash followed by 1,
The escape \fB\eddd\fP consists of the backslash followed by 1,
2, or 3 octal digits specifing the value of
the desired character.
If the character following a backslash is not one of those
@ -190,9 +190,9 @@ instructions and pseudoinstructions.
.TS
tab(:);
l l l.
<cst>:\&=:integer constant (current range -2**31..2**31-1)
<cst>:\&=:integer constant (current range \-2**31..2**31\-1)
<dlb>:\&=:data label
<arg>:\&=:<cst> or <dlb> or <dlb>+<cst> or <dlb>-<cst>
<arg>:\&=:<cst> or <dlb> or <dlb>+<cst> or <dlb>\-<cst>
<con>:\&=:integer constant, unsigned constant, floating-point constant
<str>:\&=:string constant (surrounded by double quotes),
<ilb>:\&=:instruction label
@ -425,13 +425,13 @@ etc. represent the succeeding bytes.
tab(:) ;
rw17 4 l.
0:Reserved for future use
1-129:Machine instructions, see Appendix A, alphabetical list
130-149:Reserved for future use
150-161:BSS,CON,END,EXA,EXC,EXP,HOL,INA,INP,MES,PRO,ROM
162-179:Reserved for future pseudoinstructions
180-239:Instruction labels 0 - 59 (180 is local label 0 etc.)
240-244:See the Common Table below
245-255:Not used
1\-129:Machine instructions, see Appendix A, alphabetical list
130\-149:Reserved for future use
150\-161:BSS,CON,END,EXA,EXC,EXP,HOL,INA,INP,MES,PRO,ROM
162\-179:Reserved for future pseudoinstructions
180\-239:Instruction labels 0 \- 59 (180 is local label 0 etc.)
240\-244:See the Common Table below
245\-255:Not used
.TE 1
.DE 0
After a label, the assembler is back in neutral state; it can immediately
@ -449,9 +449,9 @@ encoded as follows:
.TS
tab(:);
r l.
0-239:Offsets from -120 to 119
0\-239:Offsets from \-120 to 119
240-255:See the Common Table below
240\-255:See the Common Table below
.TE 1
Absence of an optional argument is indicated by a special
byte.
@ -467,8 +467,8 @@ class:bytes:description
<ilb>:240:b1:Instruction label b1 (Not used for branches)
<ilb>:241:b1 b2:16 bit instruction label (256*b2 + b1)
<dlb>:242:b1:Global label .0-.255, with b1 being the label
<dlb>:243:b1 b2:Global label .0-.32767
<dlb>:242:b1:Global label .0\-.255, with b1 being the label
<dlb>:243:b1 b2:Global label .0\-.32767
:::with 256*b2+b1 being the label
<dlb>:244:<string>:Global symbol not of the form .nnn
<cst>:245:b1 b2:16 bit constant
@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ class:bytes:description
The bytes specifying the value of a 16, 32 or 64 bit constant
are presented in two's complement notation, with the least
significant byte first. For example: the value of a 32 bit
constant is ((s4*256+b3)*256+b2)*256+b1, where s4 is b4-256 if
constant is ((s4*256+b3)*256+b2)*256+b1, where s4 is b4\-256 if
b4 is greater than 128 else s4 takes the value of b4.
A <string> consists of a <cst> inmediatly followed by
a sequence of bytes with length <cst>.
@ -498,10 +498,10 @@ The pseudoinstructions fall into several categories, depending on their
arguments:
.N 1
.DS
Group 1 -- EXC, BSS, HOL have a known number of arguments
Group 2 -- EXA, EXP, INA, INP have a string as argument
Group 3 -- CON, MES, ROM have a variable number of various things
Group 4 -- END, PRO have a trailing optional argument.
Group 1 \- EXC, BSS, HOL have a known number of arguments
Group 2 \- EXA, EXP, INA, INP have a string as argument
Group 3 \- CON, MES, ROM have a variable number of various things
Group 4 \- END, PRO have a trailing optional argument.
.DE 1
Groups 1 and 2
use the encoding described above.
@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ Example ASCII|Example compact
2||182
1||181
LOC|10|69 130
LOC|-10|69 110
LOC|\-10|69 110
LOC|300|69 245 44 1
BRA|*19|18 139
300||241 44 1
@ -531,7 +531,6 @@ Example ASCII|Example compact
CON|.35|151 242 35 255
.TE 0
.IE 0
.BP
.S2 "Assembly language instruction list"
.P
For each instruction in the list the range of argument values
@ -556,7 +555,7 @@ are indicated by letters:
.ds s \fBs\fP
.ds z \fBz\fP
.ds o \fBo\fP
.ds - \fB-\fP
.ds - \fB\-\fP
.N 1
.TS
tab(:);
@ -590,184 +589,185 @@ values and underflow or overflow
are indicated below by (*).
.N 1
.DS B
GROUP 1 - LOAD
.ta 12n
GROUP 1 \- LOAD
LOC \*c : Load constant (i.e. push one word onto the stack)
LDC \*d : Load double constant ( push two words )
LOL \*l : Load word at \*l-th local (\*l<0) or parameter (\*l>=0)
LOE \*g : Load external word \*g
LIL \*l : Load word pointed to by \*l-th local or parameter
LOF \*f : Load offsetted (top of stack + \*f yield address)
LAL \*l : Load address of local or parameter
LAE \*g : Load address of external
LXL \*n : Load lexical (address of LB \*n static levels back)
LXA \*n : Load lexical (address of AB \*n static levels back)
LOI \*o : Load indirect \*o bytes (address is popped from the stack)
LOS \*w : Load indirect, \*w-byte integer on top of stack gives object size
LDL \*l : Load double local or parameter (two consecutive words are stacked)
LDE \*g : Load double external (two consecutive externals are stacked)
LDF \*f : Load double offsetted (top of stack + \*f yield address)
LPI \*p : Load procedure identifier
LOC \*c : Load constant (i.e. push one word onto the stack)
LDC \*d : Load double constant ( push two words )
LOL \*l : Load word at \*l-th local (\*l<0) or parameter (\*l>=0)
LOE \*g : Load external word \*g
LIL \*l : Load word pointed to by \*l-th local or parameter
LOF \*f : Load offsetted (top of stack + \*f yield address)
LAL \*l : Load address of local or parameter
LAE \*g : Load address of external
LXL \*n : Load lexical (address of LB \*n static levels back)
LXA \*n : Load lexical (address of AB \*n static levels back)
LOI \*o : Load indirect \*o bytes (address is popped from the stack)
LOS \*w : Load indirect, \*w-byte integer on top of stack gives object size
LDL \*l : Load double local or parameter (two consecutive words are stacked)
LDE \*g : Load double external (two consecutive externals are stacked)
LDF \*f : Load double offsetted (top of stack + \*f yield address)
LPI \*p : Load procedure identifier
GROUP 2 - STORE
GROUP 2 \- STORE
STL \*l : Store local or parameter
STE \*g : Store external
SIL \*l : Store into word pointed to by \*l-th local or parameter
STF \*f : Store offsetted
STI \*o : Store indirect \*o bytes (pop address, then data)
STS \*w : Store indirect, \*w-byte integer on top of stack gives object size
SDL \*l : Store double local or parameter
SDE \*g : Store double external
SDF \*f : Store double offsetted
STL \*l : Store local or parameter
STE \*g : Store external
SIL \*l : Store into word pointed to by \*l-th local or parameter
STF \*f : Store offsetted
STI \*o : Store indirect \*o bytes (pop address, then data)
STS \*w : Store indirect, \*w-byte integer on top of stack gives object size
SDL \*l : Store double local or parameter
SDE \*g : Store double external
SDF \*f : Store double offsetted
GROUP 3 - INTEGER ARITHMETIC
GROUP 3 \- INTEGER ARITHMETIC
ADI \*w : Addition (*)
SBI \*w : Subtraction (*)
MLI \*w : Multiplication (*)
DVI \*w : Division (*)
RMI \*w : Remainder (*)
NGI \*w : Negate (two's complement) (*)
SLI \*w : Shift left (*)
SRI \*w : Shift right (*)
ADI \*w : Addition (*)
SBI \*w : Subtraction (*)
MLI \*w : Multiplication (*)
DVI \*w : Division (*)
RMI \*w : Remainder (*)
NGI \*w : Negate (two's complement) (*)
SLI \*w : Shift left (*)
SRI \*w : Shift right (*)
GROUP 4 - UNSIGNED ARITHMETIC
GROUP 4 \- UNSIGNED ARITHMETIC
ADU \*w : Addition
SBU \*w : Subtraction
MLU \*w : Multiplication
DVU \*w : Division
RMU \*w : Remainder
SLU \*w : Shift left
SRU \*w : Shift right
ADU \*w : Addition
SBU \*w : Subtraction
MLU \*w : Multiplication
DVU \*w : Division
RMU \*w : Remainder
SLU \*w : Shift left
SRU \*w : Shift right
GROUP 5 - FLOATING POINT ARITHMETIC
GROUP 5 \- FLOATING POINT ARITHMETIC
ADF \*w : Floating add (*)
SBF \*w : Floating subtract (*)
MLF \*w : Floating multiply (*)
DVF \*w : Floating divide (*)
NGF \*w : Floating negate (*)
FIF \*w : Floating multiply and split integer and fraction part (*)
FEF \*w : Split floating number in exponent and fraction part (*)
ADF \*w : Floating add (*)
SBF \*w : Floating subtract (*)
MLF \*w : Floating multiply (*)
DVF \*w : Floating divide (*)
NGF \*w : Floating negate (*)
FIF \*w : Floating multiply and split integer and fraction part (*)
FEF \*w : Split floating number in exponent and fraction part (*)
GROUP 6 - POINTER ARITHMETIC
GROUP 6 \- POINTER ARITHMETIC
ADP \*f : Add \*f to pointer on top of stack
ADS \*w : Add \*w-byte value and pointer
SBS \*w : Subtract pointers in same fragment and push diff as size \*w integer
ADP \*f : Add \*f to pointer on top of stack
ADS \*w : Add \*w-byte value and pointer
SBS \*w : Subtract pointers in same fragment and push diff as size \*w integer
GROUP 7 - INCREMENT/DECREMENT/ZERO
GROUP 7 \- INCREMENT/DECREMENT/ZERO
INC \*- : Increment word on top of stack by 1 (*)
INL \*l : Increment local or parameter (*)
INE \*g : Increment external (*)
DEC \*- : Decrement word on top of stack by 1 (*)
DEL \*l : Decrement local or parameter (*)
DEE \*g : Decrement external (*)
ZRL \*l : Zero local or parameter
ZRE \*g : Zero external
ZRF \*w : Load a floating zero of size \*w
ZER \*w : Load \*w zero bytes
INC \*- : Increment word on top of stack by 1 (*)
INL \*l : Increment local or parameter (*)
INE \*g : Increment external (*)
DEC \*- : Decrement word on top of stack by 1 (*)
DEL \*l : Decrement local or parameter (*)
DEE \*g : Decrement external (*)
ZRL \*l : Zero local or parameter
ZRE \*g : Zero external
ZRF \*w : Load a floating zero of size \*w
ZER \*w : Load \*w zero bytes
GROUP 8 - CONVERT (stack: source, source size, dest. size (top))
GROUP 8 \- CONVERT (stack: source, source size, dest. size (top))
CII \*- : Convert integer to integer (*)
CUI \*- : Convert unsigned to integer (*)
CFI \*- : Convert floating to integer (*)
CIF \*- : Convert integer to floating (*)
CUF \*- : Convert unsigned to floating (*)
CFF \*- : Convert floating to floating (*)
CIU \*- : Convert integer to unsigned
CUU \*- : Convert unsigned to unsigned
CFU \*- : Convert floating to unsigned
CII \*- : Convert integer to integer (*)
CUI \*- : Convert unsigned to integer (*)
CFI \*- : Convert floating to integer (*)
CIF \*- : Convert integer to floating (*)
CUF \*- : Convert unsigned to floating (*)
CFF \*- : Convert floating to floating (*)
CIU \*- : Convert integer to unsigned
CUU \*- : Convert unsigned to unsigned
CFU \*- : Convert floating to unsigned
GROUP 9 - LOGICAL
GROUP 9 \- LOGICAL
AND \*w : Boolean and on two groups of \*w bytes
IOR \*w : Boolean inclusive or on two groups of \*w bytes
XOR \*w : Boolean exclusive or on two groups of \*w bytes
COM \*w : Complement (one's complement of top \*w bytes)
ROL \*w : Rotate left a group of \*w bytes
ROR \*w : Rotate right a group of \*w bytes
AND \*w : Boolean and on two groups of \*w bytes
IOR \*w : Boolean inclusive or on two groups of \*w bytes
XOR \*w : Boolean exclusive or on two groups of \*w bytes
COM \*w : Complement (one's complement of top \*w bytes)
ROL \*w : Rotate left a group of \*w bytes
ROR \*w : Rotate right a group of \*w bytes
GROUP 10 - SETS
GROUP 10 \- SETS
INN \*w : Bit test on \*w byte set (bit number on top of stack)
SET \*w : Create singleton \*w byte set with bit n on (n is top of stack)
INN \*w : Bit test on \*w byte set (bit number on top of stack)
SET \*w : Create singleton \*w byte set with bit n on (n is top of stack)
GROUP 11 - ARRAY
GROUP 11 \- ARRAY
LAR \*w : Load array element, descriptor contains integers of size \*w
SAR \*w : Store array element
AAR \*w : Load address of array element
LAR \*w : Load array element, descriptor contains integers of size \*w
SAR \*w : Store array element
AAR \*w : Load address of array element
GROUP 12 - COMPARE
GROUP 12 \- COMPARE
CMI \*w : Compare \*w byte integers, Push negative, zero, positive for <, = or >
CMF \*w : Compare \*w byte reals
CMU \*w : Compare \*w byte unsigneds
CMS \*w : Compare \*w byte values, can only be used for bit for bit equality test
CMP \*- : Compare pointers
CMI \*w : Compare \*w byte integers, Push negative, zero, positive for <, = or >
CMF \*w : Compare \*w byte reals
CMU \*w : Compare \*w byte unsigneds
CMS \*w : Compare \*w byte values, can only be used for bit for bit equality test
CMP \*- : Compare pointers
TLT \*- : True if less, i.e. iff top of stack < 0
TLE \*- : True if less or equal, i.e. iff top of stack <= 0
TEQ \*- : True if equal, i.e. iff top of stack = 0
TNE \*- : True if not equal, i.e. iff top of stack non zero
TGE \*- : True if greater or equal, i.e. iff top of stack >= 0
TGT \*- : True if greater, i.e. iff top of stack > 0
TLT \*- : True if less, i.e. iff top of stack < 0
TLE \*- : True if less or equal, i.e. iff top of stack <= 0
TEQ \*- : True if equal, i.e. iff top of stack = 0
TNE \*- : True if not equal, i.e. iff top of stack non zero
TGE \*- : True if greater or equal, i.e. iff top of stack >= 0
TGT \*- : True if greater, i.e. iff top of stack > 0
GROUP 13 - BRANCH
GROUP 13 \- BRANCH
BRA \*b : Branch unconditionally to label \*b
BRA \*b : Branch unconditionally to label \*b
BLT \*b : Branch less (pop 2 words, branch if top > second)
BLE \*b : Branch less or equal
BEQ \*b : Branch equal
BNE \*b : Branch not equal
BGE \*b : Branch greater or equal
BGT \*b : Branch greater
BLT \*b : Branch less (pop 2 words, branch if top > second)
BLE \*b : Branch less or equal
BEQ \*b : Branch equal
BNE \*b : Branch not equal
BGE \*b : Branch greater or equal
BGT \*b : Branch greater
ZLT \*b : Branch less than zero (pop 1 word, branch negative)
ZLE \*b : Branch less or equal to zero
ZEQ \*b : Branch equal zero
ZNE \*b : Branch not zero
ZGE \*b : Branch greater or equal zero
ZGT \*b : Branch greater than zero
ZLT \*b : Branch less than zero (pop 1 word, branch negative)
ZLE \*b : Branch less or equal to zero
ZEQ \*b : Branch equal zero
ZNE \*b : Branch not zero
ZGE \*b : Branch greater or equal zero
ZGT \*b : Branch greater than zero
GROUP 14 - PROCEDURE CALL
GROUP 14 \- PROCEDURE CALL
CAI \*- : Call procedure (procedure identifier on stack)
CAL \*p : Call procedure (with identifier \*p)
LFR \*s : Load function result
RET \*z : Return (function result consists of top \*z bytes)
CAI \*- : Call procedure (procedure identifier on stack)
CAL \*p : Call procedure (with identifier \*p)
LFR \*s : Load function result
RET \*z : Return (function result consists of top \*z bytes)
GROUP 15 - MISCELLANEOUS
GROUP 15 \- MISCELLANEOUS
ASP \*f : Adjust the stack pointer by \*f
ASS \*w : Adjust the stack pointer by \*w-byte integer
BLM \*z : Block move \*z bytes; first pop destination addr, then source addr
BLS \*w : Block move, size is in \*w-byte integer on top of stack
CSA \*w : Case jump; address of jump table at top of stack
CSB \*w : Table lookup jump; address of jump table at top of stack
DCH \*- : Follow dynamic chain, convert LB to LB of caller
DUP \*s : Duplicate top \*s bytes
DUS \*w : Duplicate top \*w bytes
EXG \*w : Exchange top \*w bytes
FIL \*g : File name (external 4 := \*g)
GTO \*g : Non-local goto, descriptor at \*g
LIM \*- : Load 16 bit ignore mask
LIN \*n : Line number (external 0 := \*n)
LNI \*- : Line number increment
LOR \*r : Load register (0=LB, 1=SP, 2=HP)
LPB \*- : Convert local base to argument base
MON \*- : Monitor call
NOP \*- : No operation
RCK \*w : Range check; trap on error
RTT \*- : Return from trap
SIG \*- : Trap errors to proc identifier on top of stack, -2 resets default
SIM \*- : Store 16 bit ignore mask
STR \*r : Store register (0=LB, 1=SP, 2=HP)
TRP \*- : Cause trap to occur (Error number on stack)
ASP \*f : Adjust the stack pointer by \*f
ASS \*w : Adjust the stack pointer by \*w-byte integer
BLM \*z : Block move \*z bytes; first pop destination addr, then source addr
BLS \*w : Block move, size is in \*w-byte integer on top of stack
CSA \*w : Case jump; address of jump table at top of stack
CSB \*w : Table lookup jump; address of jump table at top of stack
DCH \*- : Follow dynamic chain, convert LB to LB of caller
DUP \*s : Duplicate top \*s bytes
DUS \*w : Duplicate top \*w bytes
EXG \*w : Exchange top \*w bytes
FIL \*g : File name (external 4 := \*g)
GTO \*g : Non-local goto, descriptor at \*g
LIM \*- : Load 16 bit ignore mask
LIN \*n : Line number (external 0 := \*n)
LNI \*- : Line number increment
LOR \*r : Load register (0=LB, 1=SP, 2=HP)
LPB \*- : Convert local base to argument base
MON \*- : Monitor call
NOP \*- : No operation
RCK \*w : Range check; trap on error
RTT \*- : Return from trap
SIG \*- : Trap errors to proc identifier on top of stack, \-2 resets default
SIM \*- : Store 16 bit ignore mask
STR \*r : Store register (0=LB, 1=SP, 2=HP)
TRP \*- : Cause trap to occur (Error number on stack)
.DE 0

6
doc/em/cont.nr Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
.MS T A 0
.ME
.BP
.MS B A 0
.ME
.CT

13
doc/em/descr.nr
View file

@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Array descriptors contain the following three integers:
.PT
lower bound~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~signed
.PT
upper bound - lower bound~~~~~~~unsigned
upper bound \- lower bound~~~~~~~unsigned
.PT
number of bytes per element~~~~~unsigned
.PE
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ LAR n (n is the size of the integers in the descriptor and I)
All array instructions first pop the address of the descriptor
and the index.
If the index is not within the bounds specified, a trap occurs.
If ok, (I~-~lower bound) is multiplied
If ok, (I~\-~lower bound) is multiplied
by the number of bytes per element (the third word). The result is added
to the address of A and replaces A on the stack.
.A
@ -128,12 +128,12 @@ each source language case statement
is up to the front end.
If the range of the index value is dense, i.e
.DS
(highest value - lowest value) / number of cases
(highest value \- lowest value) / number of cases
.DE 1
is less than some threshold, then CSA is the obvious choice.
If the range is sparse, CSB is better.
.N 2
.DS
.Dr 30
|--------------------| |--------------------| high address
| pointer for upb | | pointer n-1 |
|--------------------| |- - - - - - - |
@ -157,7 +157,6 @@ If the range is sparse, CSB is better.
|--------------------| |--------------------|
CSA descriptor CSB descriptor
.Df
Figure 4. Descriptor layout for CSA and CSB
.DE
.De

20
doc/em/dspace.nr
View file

@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Examples are LOE, LAE and STE.
Part of the global data area is initialized by the
compiler, the
rest is not initialized at all or is initialized
with a value, typically -32768 or 0.
with a value, typically \-32768 or 0.
Part of the initialized global data may be made read-only
if the implementation supports protection.
.P
@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ addressed with the use of the DCH instruction.
.A
Many instructions have offsets to LB as argument,
for instance LOL, LAL and STL.
The arguments of these instructions range from -1 to some
The arguments of these instructions range from \-1 to some
(negative) minimum
for the access of local storage and from 0 to some (positive)
maximum for parameter access.
@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ reserved.
The parameters and local storage are accessed by the same instructions.
Negative offsets are used for access to local variables.
The highest byte, that is the byte nearest
to LB, has to be accessed with offset -1.
to LB, has to be accessed with offset \-1.
The pseudoinstruction specifying the entry point of a
procedure, has an argument that specifies the amount of local
storage needed.
@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ are the only ones that can be accessed with a fixed negative offset.
The initial value of the allocated words is
not defined, but implementations that check for undefined
values will probably initialize them with a
special 'undefined' pattern, typically -32768.
special 'undefined' pattern, typically \-32768.
.A
Fourth, any EM implementation is allowed to reserve a variable size
block beneath the local variables.
@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ This can be done with the aforementioned ASP instruction.
Each procedure frame is a separate fragment.
Because any fragment may be placed anywhere in memory,
procedure frames need not be contiguous.
.DS
.Dr 47
|===============================|
| actual parameter n-1 |
|-------------------------------|
@ -305,14 +305,14 @@ procedure frames need not be contiguous.
| . |
| . |
|-------------------------------|
| actual parameter 0 | ( <- AB )
| actual parameter 0 | ( <\- AB )
|===============================|
|===============================|
|///////////////////////////////|
|///// return status block /////|
|///////////////////////////////| <- LB
|///////////////////////////////| <\- LB
|===============================|
| |
| local variables |
@ -340,11 +340,11 @@ procedure frames need not be contiguous.
| . |
| . |
|-------------------------------|
| parameter 0 | <- SP
| parameter 0 | <\- SP
|===============================|
.Df
Figure 1. A sample procedure frame and parameters.
.DE
.De
.S2 "Heap data area"
The heap area starts empty, with HP
pointing to the low end of it.

209
doc/em/env.nr Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
.SN 8
.VS 1 0
.BP
.S1 "ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS"
EM programs can interact with their environment in three ways.
Two, starting/stopping and monitor calls, are dealt with in this chapter.
The remaining way to interact, interrupts, will be treated
together with traps in chapter 9.
.S2 "Program starting and stopping"
EM user programs start with a call to a procedure called
m_a_i_n.
The assembler and backends look for the definition of a procedure
with this name in their input.
The call passes three parameters to the procedure.
The parameters are similar to the parameters supplied by the
UNIX
.FS
UNIX is a Trademark of Bell Laboratories.
.FE
operating system to C programs.
These parameters are often called
.BW argc ,
.B argv
and
.BW envp .
Argc is the parameter nearest to LB and is a wordsized integer.
The other two are pointers to the first element of an array of
string pointers.
.N
The
.B argv
array contains
.B argc
strings, the first of which contains the program call name.
The other strings in the
.B argv
array are the program parameters.
.P
The
.B envp
array contains strings in the form "name=string", where 'name'
is the name of an environment variable and string its value.
The
.B envp
is terminated by a zero pointer.
.P
An EM user program stops if the program returns from the first
invocation of m_a_i_n.
The contents of the function return area are used to procure a
wordsized program return code.
EM programs also stop when traps and interrupts occur that are
not caught and when the exit monitor call is executed.
.S2 "Input/Output and other monitor calls"
EM differs from most conventional machines in that it has high level i/o
instructions.
Typical instructions are OPEN FILE and READ FROM FILE instead
of low level instructions such as setting and clearing
bits in device registers.
By providing such high level i/o primitives, the task of implementing
EM on various non EM machines is made considerably easier.
.P
I/O is initiated by the MON instruction, which expects an iocode on top
of the stack.
Often there are also parameters which are pushed on the
stack in reverse order, that is: last
parameter first.
Some i/o functions also provide results, which are returned on the stack.
In the list of monitor calls we use several types of parameters and results,
these types consist of integers and unsigneds of varying sizes, but never
smaller than the wordsize, and the two pointer types.
.N 1
The names of the types used are:
.IS 4
.PS - 10
.PT int
an integer of wordsize
.PT int2
an integer whose size is the maximum of the wordsize and 2
bytes
.PT int4
an integer whose size is the maximum of the wordsize and 4
bytes
.PT intp
an integer with the size of a pointer
.PT uns2
an unsigned integer whose size is the maximum of the wordsize and 2
.PT unsp
an unsigned integer with the size of a pointer
.PT ptr
a pointer into data space
.PE 1
.IE 0
The table below lists the i/o codes with their results and
parameters.
This list is similar to the system calls of the UNIX Version 7
operating system.
.A
To execute a monitor call, proceed as follows:
.IS 2
.N 1
.PS a 4 "" )
.PT
Stack the parameters, in reverse order, last parameter first.
.PT
Push the monitor call number (iocode) onto the stack.
.PT
Execute the MON instruction.
.PE 1
.IE
An error code is present on the top of the stack after
execution of most monitor calls.
If this error code is zero, the call performed the action
requested and the results are available on top of the stack.
Non-zero error codes indicate a failure, in this case no
results are available and the error code has been pushed twice.
This construction enables programs to test for failure with a
single instruction (~TEQ or TNE~) and still find out the cause of
the failure.
The result name 'e' is reserved for the error code.
.N 1
List of monitor calls.
.DS B
.ta 2n 8n 16n 32n 48n
number name parameters results function
1 Exit status:int Terminate this process
2 Fork e,flag,pid:int Spawn new process
3 Read fildes:int;buf:ptr;nbytes:unsp
e:int;rbytes:unsp Read from file
4 Write fildes:int;buf:ptr;nbytes:unsp
e:int;wbytes:unsp Write on a file
5 Open string:ptr;flag:int
e,fildes:int Open file for read and/or write
6 Close fildes:int e:int Close a file
7 Wait e:int;status,pid:int2
Wait for child
8 Creat string:ptr;mode:int
e,fildes:int Create a new file
9 Link string1,string2:ptr
e:int Link to a file
10 Unlink string:ptr e:int Remove directory entry
12 Chdir string:ptr e:int Change default directory
14 Mknod string:ptr;mode,addr:int2
e:int Make a special file
15 Chmod string:ptr;mode:int2
e:int Change mode of file
16 Chown string:ptr;owner,group:int2
e:int Change owner/group of a file
18 Stat string,statbuf:ptr
e:int Get file status
19 Lseek fildes:int;off:int4;whence:int
e:int;oldoff:int4 Move read/write pointer
20 Getpid pid:int2 Get process identification
21 Mount special,string:ptr;rwflag:int
e:int Mount file system
22 Umount special:ptr e:int Unmount file system
23 Setuid userid:int2 e:int Set user ID
24 Getuid e_uid,r_uid:int2 Get user ID
25 Stime time:int4 e:int Set time and date
26 Ptrace request:int;pid:int2;addr:ptr;data:int
e,value:int Process trace
27 Alarm seconds:uns2 previous:uns2 Schedule signal
28 Fstat fildes:int;statbuf:ptr
e:int Get file status
29 Pause Stop until signal
30 Utime string,timep:ptr
e:int Set file times
33 Access string,mode:int e:int Determine file accessibility
34 Nice incr:int Set program priority
35 Ftime bufp:ptr e:int Get date and time
36 Sync Update filesystem
37 Kill pid:int2;sig:int
e:int Send signal to a process
41 Dup fildes,newfildes:int
e,fildes:int Duplicate a file descriptor
42 Pipe e,w_des,r_des:int Create a pipe
43 Times buffer:ptr Get process times
44 Profil buff:ptr;bufsiz,offset,scale:intp Execution time profile
46 Setgid gid:int2 e:int Set group ID
47 Getgid e_gid,r_gid:int Get group ID
48 Sigtrp trapno,signo:int
e,prevtrap:int See below
51 Acct file:ptr e:int Turn accounting on or off
53 Lock flag:int e:int Lock a process
54 Ioctl fildes,request:int;argp:ptr
e:int Control device
56 Mpxcall cmd:int;vec:ptr e:int Multiplexed file handling
59 Exece name,argv,envp:ptr
e:int Execute a file
60 Umask complmode:int2 oldmask:int2 Set file creation mode mask
61 Chroot string:ptr e:int Change root directory
.DE 1
Codes 0, 11, 13, 17, 31, 32, 38, 39, 40, 45, 49, 50, 52,
55, 57, 58, 62, and 63 are
not used.
.P
All monitor calls, except fork and sigtrp
are the same as the UNIX version 7 system calls.
.P
The sigtrp entry maps UNIX signals onto EM interrupts.
Normally, trapno is in the range 0 to 252.
In that case it requests that signal signo
will cause trap trapno to occur.
When given trap number \-2, default signal handling is reset, and when given
trap number \-3, the signal is ignored.
.P
The flag returned by fork is 1 in the child process and 0 in
the parent.
The pid returned is the process-id of the other process.

8
doc/em/intro.nr
View file

@ -90,11 +90,11 @@ few internal registers with specific functions as follows:
.TS
tab(:);
l 1 l l.
PC:-:Program Counter:Pointer to next instruction
LB:-:Local Base:Points to base of the local variables \
PC:\-:Program Counter:Pointer to next instruction
LB:\-:Local Base:Points to base of the local variables \
in the current procedure.
SP:-:Stack Pointer:Points to the highest occupied word on the stack.
HP:-:Heap Pointer:Points to the top of the heap area.
SP:\-:Stack Pointer:Points to the highest occupied word on the stack.
HP:\-:Heap Pointer:Points to the top of the heap area.
.TE 1
.IE
.A

17
doc/em/ip.awk
View file

@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
BEGIN { printf ".TS\nlw(6) lw(8) rw(3) rw(6) 14 lw(6) lw(8) rw(3) rw(6) 14 lw(6) lw(8) rw(3) rw(6).\n" }
NF == 4 { printf "%s\t%s\t%d\t%d",$1,$2,$3,$4 }
NF == 3 { printf "%s\t%s\t\t%d",$1,$2,$3 }
{ if ( NR%3 == 0 ) printf("\n") ; else printf("\t"); }
END { if ( NR%3 != 0 ) printf("\n")
printf ".TE\n" }
BEGIN { printf(".TS\n");
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
printf("lw(4) 0 lw(6) 0 rw(2) 0 rw(5) 8 ");
printf(".\n");
}
NF == 4 { printf "%s\t%s\t%d\t%d",$1,$2,$3,$4 }
NF == 3 { printf "%s\t%s\t\t%d",$1,$2,$3 }
{ if ( NR%3 == 0 ) printf("\n") ; else printf("\t"); }
END { if ( NR%3 != 0 ) printf("\n");
printf(".TE\n");
}

4691
doc/em/itables
View file

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load diff

56
doc/em/mach.nr
View file

@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ two groups of 256 secondary opcodes each.
.A
EM instructions without arguments have a single opcode assigned,
possibly escaped:
.DS
.Dr 14
|--------------|
| opcode |
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ possibly escaped:
| escape | opcode |
|--------------|--------------|
.DE
.De
The encoding for instructions with an argument is more complex.
Several instructions have an address from the global data area
as argument.
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ and negative arguments.
.N 1
There is always an opcode that takes the next two bytes as argument,
high byte first:
.DS
.Dr 14
|--------------|--------------|--------------|
| opcode | hibyte | lobyte |
@ -54,25 +54,25 @@ high byte first:
| escape | opcode | hibyte | lobyte |
|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|
.DE
.DS
.De
An extra escape is provided for instructions with four or eight byte arguments.
.Dr 6
|--------------|--------------|--------------| |--------------|
| ESCAPE | opcode | hibyte |...| lobyte |
|--------------|--------------|--------------| |--------------|
.DE
.De
For most instructions some argument values predominate.
The most frequent combinations of instruction and argument
will be encoded in a single byte, called a mini:
.DS
.Dr 6
|---------------|
|opcode+argument| (mini)
|---------------|
.DE
.De
The number of minis is restricted, because only
254 primary opcodes are available.
Many instructions have the bulk of their arguments
@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ that combines the instruction and the high byte of the argument
into a single opcode.
These opcodes are called shorties.
Shorties may be escaped.
.DS
.Dr 14
|--------------|--------------|
| opcode+high | lobyte | (shortie)
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Shorties may be escaped.
| escape | opcode+high | lobyte |
|--------------|--------------|--------------|
.DE
.De
Escaped shorties are useless if the normal encoding has a primary opcode.
Note that for some instruction-argument combinations
several different encodings are available.
@ -266,66 +266,66 @@ contain a null terminated ASCII string
.PE 1
.DE 0
.VS 1 1
.DS
.Dr 6
-------------------
| 0 | n | repeat last initialization n times
-------------------
.DE
.DS
.De
.Dr 4
---------
| 1 | m | m uninitialized words
---------
.DE
.DS
.De
.Dr 6
____________
/ bytes \e
----------------- -----
| 2 | m | b | b |...| b | m initialized bytes
----------------- -----
.DE
.DS
.De
.Dr 6
_________
/ word \e
-----------------------
| 3 | m | w |... m initialized wordsized integers
-----------------------
.DE
.DS
.De
.Dr 6
_________
/ pointer \e
-----------------------
| 4 | m | p |... m initialized data pointers
-----------------------
.DE
.DS
.De
.Dr 6
_________
/ pointer \e
-----------------------
| 5 | m | p |... m initialized instruction pointers
-----------------------
.DE
.DS
.De
.Dr 6
____________
/ bytes \e
-------------------------
| 6 | m | b | b |...| b | initialized integer of size m
-------------------------
.DE
.DS
.De
.Dr 6
____________
/ bytes \e
-------------------------
| 7 | m | b | b |...| b | initialized unsigned of size m
-------------------------
.DE
.DS
.De
.Dr 6
____________
/ string \e
-------------------------
| 8 | m | s | initialized float of size m
-------------------------
.DE 3
.De 3
.PS - 8
.PT type~0:
If the last initialization initialized k bytes starting

28
doc/em/macr.nr
View file

@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
.so /usr/lib/tmac/tmac.kun
.SS 6
.if n .so /usr/lib/tmac/tmac.kun
.if t .so /usr/lib/ditroff/tmac/tmac.kun
.SS 10
.RP
.PL 12i 11i
.LL 89
.MS T E
\!.TL '%'''
.ME
@ -14,3 +13,24 @@
.ME
.SM S1 B
.SM S2 B
.\" below are three simple macros to get the drawings right
.\" added by Dick Grune
.de Dr \" Drawing $1 (size)
.N 1
.NE \\$1
.NA
.cs 1 18 \" constant spacing
.lg 0 \" no ligatures
.ss 18 \" bug in troff
..
.de Df \" Drawing Footer
.br
.cs 1
.ss 12
.lg 1
..
.de De \" Drawing End $1 (lines)
.Df \" if it hasn't happened yet
.AD
.N \\$1
..

41
doc/em/mapping.nr
View file

@ -14,46 +14,46 @@ with 64K bytes of address space.
Here we use a member of the EM family with 2-byte word and pointer
size.
The most straightforward layout is shown in figure 2.
.N 1
.DS
65534 -> |-------------------------------|
.Dr 40
65534 \-> |-------------------------------|
|///////////////////////////////|
|//// unimplemented memory /////|
|///////////////////////////////|
ML -> |-------------------------------|
ML \-> |-------------------------------|
| |
| | <- LB
| | <\- LB
| stack and local area |
| |
|-------------------------------| <- SP
|-------------------------------| <\- SP
|///////////////////////////////|
|//////// inaccessible /////////|
|///////////////////////////////|
|-------------------------------| <- HP
|-------------------------------| <\- HP
| |
| heap area |
| |
| |
HB -> |-------------------------------|
HB \-> |-------------------------------|
| |
| global data area |
| |
EB -> |-------------------------------|
EB \-> |-------------------------------|
| |
| program text | <- PC
| program text | <\- PC
| |
| ( and tables ) |
| |
| |
PB -> |-------------------------------|
PB \-> |-------------------------------|
|///////////////////////////////|
|////////// undefined //////////|
|///////////////////////////////|
0 -> |-------------------------------|
0 \-> |-------------------------------|
.Df
Figure 2. Memory layout showing typical register
positions during execution of an EM program.
.DE 2
.De
.N 1
The base registers for the various memory pieces can be stored
in target machine registers or memory.
.IS
@ -123,8 +123,7 @@ upside down, as shown in figure 3.
This is possible because the pointer format is explicitly undefined.
The first element of a word array will have a
lower physical address than the second element.
.N 2
.DS
.Dr 18
| | | |
| EB=60 | | ^ |
| | | | |
@ -140,18 +139,18 @@ lower physical address than the second element.
| | | |
Type A Type B
.sp 2
.Df
Figure 3. Two possible memory implementations.
Numbers within the boxes are EM addresses.
The other numbers are physical addresses.
.DE 2
.De
.A 0 0
So, we have two different EM memory implementations:
.IS
.PS - 4
.PT A~-
.PT A~\-
stack downwards
.PT B~-
.PT B~\-
stack upwards
.PE
.IE
@ -188,7 +187,7 @@ ADP:3:pop:r0:pop:r0
::push:r0:push:r0
LOI:1:pop:r0:pop:r0
::-::neg:r0
::\-::neg:r0
::clr:r1:clr:r1
::bisb:eb(r0),r1:bisb:eb(r0),r1
::push:r1:push:r1

2
doc/em/title.nr
View file

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
.po 0
.TP 1
.ll 79
.ll 79n
.sp 15
.ce 4
DESCRIPTION OF A MACHINE

171
doc/em/traps.nr Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
.SN 9
.VS 1 0
.BP
.S1 "TRAPS AND INTERRUPTS"
EM provides a means for the user program to catch all traps
generated by the program itself, the hardware, or external conditions.
This mechanism uses five instructions: LIM, SIM, SIG, TRP and RTT.
This section of the manual may be omitted on the first reading since it
presupposes knowledge of the EM instruction set.
.P
The action taken when a trap occures is determined by the value
of an internal EM trap register.
This register contains a pointer to a procedure.
Initially the pointer used is zero and all traps halt the
program with, hopefully, a useful message to the outside world.
The SIG instruction can be used to alter the trap register,
it pops a procedure pointer from the
stack into the trap register.
When a trap occurs after storing a nonzero value in the trap
register, the procedure pointed to by the trap register
is called with the trap number
as the only parameter (see below).
SIG returns the previous value of the trap register on the
stack.
Two consecutive SIGs are a no-op.
When a trap occurs, the trap register is reset to its initial
condition, to prevent recursive traps from hanging the machine up,
e.g. stack overflow in the stack overflow handling procedure.
.P
The runtime systems for some languages need to ignore some EM
traps.
EM offers a feature called the ignore mask.
It contains one bit for each of the lowest 16 trap numbers.
The bits are numbered 0 to 15, with the least significant bit
having number 0.
If a certain bit is 1 the corresponding trap never
occurs and processing simply continues.
The actions performed by the offending instruction are
described by the Pascal program in appendix A.
.N
If the bit is 0, traps are not ignored.
The instructions LIM and SIM allow copying and replacement of
the ignore mask.~
.P
The TRP instruction generates a trap, the trap number being found on the
stack.
This is, among other things,
useful for library procedures and runtime systems.
It can also be used by a low level trap procedure to pass the trap to a
higher level one (see example below).
.P
The RTT instruction returns from the trap procedure and continues after the
trap.
In the list below all traps marked with an asterisk ('*') are
considered to be fatal and it is explicitly undefined what happens if
you try to restart after the trap.
.P
The way a trap procedure is called is completely compatible
with normal calling conventions. The only way a trap procedure
differs from normal procedures is the return. It has to use RTT instead
of RET. This is necessary because the complete runtime status is saved on the
stack before calling the procedure and all this status has to be reloaded.
Error numbers are in the range 0 to 252.
The trap numbers are divided into three categories:
.IS 4
.N 1
.PS - 10
.PT ~~0\-~63
EM machine errors, e.g. illegal instruction.
.PS - 8
.PT ~0\-15
maskable
.PT 16\-63
not maskable
.PE
.PT ~64\-127
Reserved for use by compilers, run time systems, etc.
.PT 128\-252
Available for user programs.
.PE 1
.IE
EM machine errors are numbered as follows:
.DS I 5
.TS
tab(@);
n l l.
0@EARRAY@Array bound error
1@ERANGE@Range bound error
2@ESET@Set bound error
3@EIOVFL@Integer overflow
4@EFOVFL@Floating overflow
5@EFUNFL@Floating underflow
6@EIDIVZ@Divide by 0
7@EFDIVZ@Divide by 0.0
8@EIUND@Undefined integer
9@EFUND@Undefined float
10@ECONV@Conversion error
16*@ESTACK@Stack overflow
17*@EHEAP@Heap overflow
18*@EILLINS@Illegal instruction
19*@EODDZ@Illegal size argument
20*@ECASE@Case error
21*@EMEMFLT@Addressing non existent memory
22*@EBADPTR@Bad pointer used
23*@EBADPC@Program counter out of range
24@EBADLAE@Bad argument of LAE
25@EBADMON@Bad monitor call
26@EBADLIN@Argument of LIN too high
27@EBADGTO@GTO descriptor error
.TE
.DE 0
.P
As an example,
suppose a subprocedure has to be written to do a numeric
calculation.
When an overflow occurs the computation has to be stopped and
the higher level procedure must be resumed.
This can be programmed as follows using the mechanism described above:
.DS B
.ta 1n 24n
mes 2,2,2 ; set sizes
ersave
bss 2,0,0 ; Room to save previous value of trap procedure
msave
bss 2,0,0 ; Room to save previous value of trap mask
pro calcule,0 ; entry point
lxl 0 ; fill in non-local goto descriptor with LB
ste jmpbuf+4
lor 1 ; and SP
ste jmpbuf+2
lim ; get current ignore mask
ste msave ; save it
lim
loc 16 ; bit for EFOVFL
ior 2 ; set in mask
sim ; ignore EFOVFL from now on
lpi $catch ; load procedure identifier
sig ; catch wil get all traps now
ste ersave ; save previous trap procedure identifier
; perform calculation now, possibly generating overflow
1 ; label jumped to by catch procedure
loe ersave ; get old trap procedure
sig ; refer all following trap to old procedure
asp 2 ; remove result of sig
loe msave ; restore previous mask
sim ; done now
; load result of calculation
ret 2 ; return result
jmpbuf
con *1,0,0
end
.DE 0
.VS 1 1
.DS
Example of catch procedure
.ta 1n 24n
pro catch,0 ; Local procedure that must catch the overflow trap
lol 2 ; Load trap number
loc 4 ; check for overflow
bne *1 ; if other trap, call higher trap procedure
gto jmpbuf ; return to procedure calcule
1 ; other trap has occurred
loe ersave ; previous trap procedure
sig ; other procedure will get the traps now
asp 2 ; remove the result of sig
lol 2 ; stack trap number
trp ; call other trap procedure
rtt ; if other procedure returns, do the same
end
.DE

17
doc/em/types.nr
View file

@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ restrictions imposed on the representation of the types used.
A number \fBn\fP used in these paragraphs indicates the size of
the object in \fIbits\fP.
.S2 "Unsigned integers"
The range of unsigned integers is 0..2\v'-0.5m'\fBn\fP\v'0.5m'-1.
The range of unsigned integers is 0..2\v'-0.5m'\fBn\fP\v'0.5m'\-1.
A binary representation is assumed.
The order of the bits within an object is knowingly left
unspecified.
@ -60,21 +60,22 @@ and expect a correct result.
We assume existence of at least single word unsigned arithmetic
in any implementation.
.S2 "Signed Integers"
The range of signed integers is -2\v'-0.5m'\fBn\fP-1\v'0.5m'~..~2\v'-0.5m'\fBn\fP-1\v'0.5m'-1,
The range of signed integers is
\-2\v'-0.5m'\fBn\fP\-1\v'0.5m'~..~2\v'-0.5m'\fBn\fP\-1\v'0.5m'\-1,
in other words the range of signed integers of \fBn\fP bits
using two's complement arithmetic.
The representation is the same as for unsigned integers except
the range 2\v'-0.5m'\fBn\fP-1\v'0.5m'~..~2\v'-0.5m'\fBn\fP\v'0.5m'-1 is mapped on the
range -2\v'-0.5m'\fBn\fP-1\v'0.5m'~..~-1.
The representation is the same as for unsigned integers except the range
2\v'-0.5m'\fBn\fP\-1\v'0.5m'~..~2\v'-0.5m'\fBn\fP\v'0.5m'\-1 is mapped on the
range \-2\v'-0.5m'\fBn\fP\-1\v'0.5m'~..~\-1.
In other words, the most significant bit is used as sign bit.
The convert instructions between signed and unsigned integers
of the same size can be used to catch errors.
.A
The value -2\v'-0.5m'\fBn\fP-1\v'0.5m' is used for undefined
The value \-2\v'-0.5m'\fBn\fP\-1\v'0.5m' is used for undefined
signed integers.
EM implementations should trap when this value is used in an
operation on signed integers.
The instruction mask, accessed with SIM and LIM -~see chapter 9~- ,
The instruction mask, accessed with SIM and LIM \-~see chapter 9~\- ,
can be used to disable such traps.
.A
We assume existence of at least single word signed arithmetic
@ -126,5 +127,5 @@ the value of the unsigned integer is the summation of the
Example: a 2-word bit set (wordsize 2) containing the
elements 1, 6, 8, 15, 18, 21, 27 and 28 is composed of two
integers, e.g. at addresses 40 and 42.
The word at 40 contains the value 33090 (or~-32446),
The word at 40 contains the value 33090 (or~\-32446),
the word at 42 contains the value 6180.