132 lines
4.5 KiB
Text
132 lines
4.5 KiB
Text
.NH 2
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Heuristic rules
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.PP
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Using the information described
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in the previous section,
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we can find all calls that can
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be expanded in line, and for which
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this expansion is desirable.
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In general, we cannot expand all these calls,
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so we have to choose the 'best' ones.
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With every CAL instruction
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that may be expanded, we associate
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a \fIpay off\fR,
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which expresses how desirable it is
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to expand this specific CAL.
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.sp
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Let Tc denote the portion of EM text involved
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in a specific call, i.e. the pushing of the actual
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parameter expressions, the CAL itself,
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the popping of the parameters and the
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pushing of the result (if any, via an LFR).
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Let Te denote the EM text that would be obtained
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by expanding the call in line.
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Let Pc be the original program and Pe the program
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with Te substituted for Tc.
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The pay off of the CAL depends on two factors:
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.IP -
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T = execution_time(Pe) - execution_time(Pc)
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.IP -
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S = code_size(Pe) - code_size(Pc)
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.LP
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The change in execution time (T) depends on:
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.IP -
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T1 = execution_time(Te) - execution_time(Tc)
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.IP -
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N = number of times Te or Tc get executed.
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.LP
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We assume that T1 will be the same every
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time the code gets executed.
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This is a reasonable assumption.
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(Note that we are talking about one CAL,
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not about different calls to the same procedure).
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Hence
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.DS
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T = N * T1
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.DE
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T1 can be estimated by a careful analysis
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of the transformations that are performed.
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Below, we list everything that will be
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different when a call is expanded in line:
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.IP -
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The CAL instruction is not executed.
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This saves a subroutine jump.
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.IP -
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The instructions in the procedure prolog
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are not executed.
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These instructions, generated from the PRO pseudo,
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save some machine registers
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(including the old LB), set the new LB and allocate space
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for the locals of the called routine.
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The savings may be less if there are no
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locals to allocate.
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.IP -
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In line parameters are not evaluated before the call
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and are not pushed on the stack.
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.IP -
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All remaining parameters are stored in local variables,
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instead of being pushed on the stack.
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.IP -
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If the number of parameters is nonzero,
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the ASP instruction after the CAL is not executed.
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.IP -
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Every reference to an in line parameter is
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substituted by the parameter expression.
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.IP -
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RET (return) instructions are replaced by
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BRA (branch) instructions.
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If the called procedure 'falls through'
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(i.e. it has only one RET, at the end of its code),
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even the BRA is not needed.
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.IP -
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The LFR (fetch function result) is not executed
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.PP
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Besides these changes, which are caused directly by IL,
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other changes may occur as IL influences other optimization
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techniques, such as Register Allocation and Constant Propagation.
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Our heuristic rules do not take into account the quite
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inpredictable effects on Register Allocation.
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It does, however, favour calls that have numeric \fIconstants\fR
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as parameter; especially the constant "0" as an inline
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parameter gets high scores,
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as further optimizations may often be possible.
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.PP
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It cannot be determined statically how often a CAL instruction gets
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executed.
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We will use \fIloop nesting\fR information here.
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The nesting level of the loop in which
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the CAL appears (if any) will be used as an
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indication for the number of times it gets executed.
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.PP
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Based on all these facts,
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the pay off of a call will be computed.
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The following model was developed empirically.
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Assume procedure P calls procedure Q.
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The call takes place in basic block B.
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.DS
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ZP = # zero parameters
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CP = # constant parameters - ZP
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LN = Loop Nesting level (0 if outside any loop)
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F = \fIif\fR # formal parameters of Q > 0 \fIthen\fR 1 \fIelse\fR 0
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FT = \fIif\fR Q falls through \fIthen\fR 1 \fIelse\fR 0
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S = size(Q) - 1 - # inline_parameters - F
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L = \fIif\fR # local variables of P > 0 \fIthen\fR 0 \fIelse\fR -1
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A = CP + 2 * ZP
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N = \fIif\fR LN=0 and P is never called from a loop \fIthen\fR 0 \fIelse\fR (LN+1)**2
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FM = \fIif\fR B is a firm block \fIthen\fR 2 \fIelse\fR 1
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pay_off = (100/S + FT + F + L + A) * N * FM
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.DE
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S stands for the size increase of the program,
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which is slightly less than the size of Q.
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The size of a procedure is taken to be its number
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of (non-pseudo) EM instructions.
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The terms "loop nesting level" and "firm" were defined
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in the chapter on the Intermediate Code (section "loop tables").
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If a call is not inside a loop and the calling procedure
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is itself never called from a loop (transitively),
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then the call will probably be executed at most once.
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Such a call is never expanded in line (its pay off is zero).
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If the calling procedure doesn't have local variables, a penalty (L)
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is introduced, as it will most likely get local variables if the
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call gets expanded.
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