431 lines
11 KiB
Text
431 lines
11 KiB
Text
.NH 2
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Definition of the intermediate code
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.PP
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The intermediate code of the optimizer consists
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of several components:
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.IP -
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the object table
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.IP -
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the procedure table
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.IP -
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the em code
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.IP -
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the control flow graphs
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.IP -
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the loop table
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.LP -
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.PP
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These components are described in
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the next sections.
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The syntactic structure of every component
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is described by a set of context free syntax rules,
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with the following conventions:
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.DS
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.TS
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l l.
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x a non-terminal symbol
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A a terminal symbol (in capitals)
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x: a b c; a grammar rule
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a | b a or b
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(a)+ 1 or more occurrences of a
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{a} 0 or more occurrences of a
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.TE
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.DE
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.NH 3
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The object table
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.PP
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EM programs declare blocks of bytes rather than (global) variables.
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A typical program may declare 'HOL 7780'
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to allocate space for 8 I/O buffers,
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2 large arrays and 10 scalar variables.
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The optimizer wants to deal with
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.UL objects
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like variables, buffers and arrays
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and certainly not with huge numbers of bytes.
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Therefore the intermediate code contains information
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about which global objects are used.
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This information can be obtained from an EM program
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by just looking at the operands of instruction
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such as LOE, LAE, LDE, STE, SDE, INE, DEE and ZRE.
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.PP
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The object table consists of a list of
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.UL datablock
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entries.
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Each such entry represents a declaration like HOL, BSS,
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CON or ROM.
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There are five kinds of datablock entries.
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The fifth kind,
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UNKNOWN, denotes a declaration in a
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separately compiled file that is not made
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available to the optimizer.
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Each datablock entry contains the type of the block,
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its size, and a description of the objects that
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belong to it.
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If it is a rom,
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it also contains a list of values given
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as arguments to the rom instruction,
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provided that this list contains only integer numbers.
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An object has an offset (within its datablock)
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and a size.
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The size need not always be determinable.
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Both datablock and object contain a unique
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identifying number
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(see previous section for their use).
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.DS
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.UL syntax
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.TS
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lw(1i) l l.
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object_table:
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{datablock} ;
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datablock:
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D_ID -- unique identifying number
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PSEUDO -- one of ROM,CON,BSS,HOL,UNKNOWN
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SIZE -- # bytes declared
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FLAGS
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{value} -- contents of rom
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{object} ; -- objects of the datablock
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object:
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O_ID -- unique identifying number
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OFFSET -- offset within the datablock
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SIZE ; -- size of the object in bytes
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value:
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argument ;
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.TE
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.DE
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A data block has only one flag: "external", indicating
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whether the data label is externally visible.
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The syntax for "argument" will be given later on
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(see em_text).
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.NH 3
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The procedure table
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.PP
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The procedure table contains global information
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about all procedures that are made available
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to the optimizer
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and that are needed by the EM program.
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(Library units may not be needed, see section 3.5).
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The table has one entry for
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every procedure.
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.DS
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.UL syntax
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.TS
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lw(1i) l l.
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procedure_table:
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{procedure}
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procedure:
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P_ID -- unique identifying number
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#LABELS -- number of instruction labels
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#LOCALS -- number of bytes for locals
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#FORMALS -- number of bytes for formals
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FLAGS -- flag bits
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calling -- procedures called by this one
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change -- info about global variables changed
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use ; -- info about global variables used
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calling:
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{P_ID} ; -- procedures called
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change:
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ext -- external variables changed
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FLAGS ;
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use:
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FLAGS ;
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ext:
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{O_ID} ; -- a set of objects
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.TE
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.DE
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.PP
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The number of bytes of formal parameters accessed by
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a procedure is determined by the front ends and
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passed via a message (parameter message) to the optimizer.
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If the front end is not able to determine this number
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(e.g. the parameter may be an array of dynamic size or
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the procedure may have a variable number of arguments) the attribute
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contains the value 'UNKNOWN_SIZE'.
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.sp 0
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A procedure has the following flags:
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.IP -
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external: true if the proc. is externally visible
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.IP -
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bodyseen: true if its code is available as EM text
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.IP -
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calunknown: true if it calls a procedure that has its bodyseen
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flag not set
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.IP -
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environ: true if it uses or changes a (non-global) variable in
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a lexically enclosing procedure
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.IP -
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lpi: true if is used as operand of an lpi instruction, so
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it may be called indirect
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.LP
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The change and use attributes both have one flag: "indirect",
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indicating whether the procedure does a 'use indirect'
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or a 'store indirect' (indirect means through a pointer).
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.NH 3
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The EM text
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.PP
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The EM text contains the EM instructions.
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Every EM instruction has an operation code (opcode)
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and 0 or 1 operands.
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EM pseudo instructions can have more than
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1 operand.
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The opcode is just a small (8 bit) integer.
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.sp
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There are several kinds of operands, which we will
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refer to as
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.UL types.
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Many EM instructions can have more than one type of operand.
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The types and their encodings in Compact Assembly Language
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are discussed extensively in.
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.[~[
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keizer architecture
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.], section 11.2]
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Of special interest is the way numeric values
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are represented.
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Of prime importance is the machine independency of
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the representation.
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Ultimately, one could store every integer
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just as a string of the characters '0' to '9'.
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As doing arithmetic on strings is awkward,
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Compact Assembly Language allows several alternatives.
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The main idea is to look at the value of the integer.
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Integers that fit in 16, 32 or 64 bits are
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represented as a row of resp. 2, 4 and 8 bytes,
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preceded by an indication of how many bytes are used.
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Longer integers are represented as strings;
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this is only allowed within pseudo instructions, however.
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This concept works very well for target machines
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with reasonable word sizes.
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At present, most ACK software cannot be used for word sizes
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higher than 32 bits,
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although the handles for using larger word sizes are
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present in the design of the EM code.
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In the intermediate code we essentially use the
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same ideas.
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We allow three representations of integers.
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.IP -
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integers that fit in a short are represented as a short
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.IP -
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integers that fit in a long but not in a short are represented
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as longs
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.IP -
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all remaining integers are represented as strings
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(only allowed in pseudos).
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.LP
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The terms short and long are defined in
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.[~[
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ritchie reference manual programming language
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.], section 4]
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and depend only on the source machine
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(i.e. the machine on which ACK runs),
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not on the target machines.
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For historical reasons a long will often be called an
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.UL offset.
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.PP
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Operands can also be instruction labels,
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objects or procedures.
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Instruction labels are denoted by a
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.UL label
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.UL identifier,
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which can be distinguished from a normal identifier.
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.sp
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The operand of a pseudo instruction can be a list of
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.UL arguments.
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Arguments can have the same type as operands, except
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for the type short, which is not used for arguments.
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Furthermore, an argument can be a string or
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a string representation of a signed integer, unsigned integer
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or floating point number.
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If the number of arguments is not fully determined by
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the pseudo instruction (e.g. a ROM pseudo can have any number
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of arguments), then the list is terminated by a special
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argument of type CEND.
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.DS
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.UL syntax
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.TS
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lw(1i) l l.
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em_text:
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{line} ;
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line:
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INSTR -- opcode
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OPTYPE -- operand type
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operand ;
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operand:
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empty | -- OPTYPE = NO
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SHORT | -- OPTYPE = SHORT
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OFFSET | -- OPTYPE = OFFSET
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LAB_ID | -- OPTYPE = INSTRLAB
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O_ID | -- OPTYPE = OBJECT
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P_ID | -- OPTYPE = PROCEDURE
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{argument} ; -- OPTYPE = LIST
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argument:
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ARGTYPE
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arg ;
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arg:
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empty | -- ARGTYPE = CEND
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OFFSET |
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LAB_ID |
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O_ID |
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P_ID |
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string | -- ARGTYPE = STRING
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const ; -- ARGTYPE = ICON,UCON or FCON
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string:
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LENGTH -- number of characters
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{CHARACTER} ;
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const:
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SIZE -- number of bytes
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string ; -- string representation of (un)signed
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-- or floating point constant
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.TE
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.DE
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.NH 3
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The control flow graphs
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.PP
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Each procedure can be divided
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into a number of basic blocks.
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A basic block is a piece of code with
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no jumps in, except at the beginning,
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and no jumps out, except at the end.
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.PP
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Every basic block has a set of
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.UL successors,
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which are basic blocks that can follow it immediately in
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the dynamic execution sequence.
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The
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.UL predecessors
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are the basic blocks of which this one
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is a successor.
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The successor and predecessor attributes
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of all basic blocks of a single procedure
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are said to form the
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.UL control
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.UL flow
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.UL graph
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of that procedure.
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.PP
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Another important attribute is the
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.UL immediate
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.UL dominator.
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A basic block B dominates a block C if
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every path in the graph from the procedure entry block
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to C goes through B.
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The immediate dominator of C is the closest dominator
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of C on any path from the entry block.
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(Note that the dominator relation is transitive,
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so the immediate dominator is well defined.)
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.PP
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A basic block also has an attribute containing
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the identifiers of every
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.UL loop
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that the block belongs to (see next section for loops).
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.DS
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.UL syntax
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.TS
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lw(1i) l l.
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control_flow_graph:
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{basic_block} ;
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basic_block:
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B_ID -- unique identifying number
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#INSTR -- number of EM instructions
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succ
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pred
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idom -- immediate dominator
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loops -- set of loops
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FLAGS ; -- flag bits
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succ:
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{B_ID} ;
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pred:
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{B_ID} ;
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idom:
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B_ID ;
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loops:
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{LP_ID} ;
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.TE
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.DE
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The flag bits can have the values 'firm' and 'strong',
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which are explained below.
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.NH 3
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The loop tables
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.PP
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Every procedure has an associated
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.UL loop
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.UL table
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containing information about all the loops
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in the procedure.
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Loops can be detected by a close inspection of
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the control flow graph.
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The main idea is to look for two basic blocks,
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B and C, for which the following holds:
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.IP -
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B is a successor of C
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.IP -
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B is a dominator of C
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.LP
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B is called the loop
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.UL entry
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and C is called the loop
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.UL end.
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Intuitively, C contains a jump backwards to
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the beginning of the loop (B).
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.PP
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A loop L1 is said to be
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.UL nested
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within loop L2 if all basic blocks of L1
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are also part of L2.
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It is important to note that loops could
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originally be written as a well structured for -or
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while loop or as a messy goto loop.
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Hence loops may partly overlap without one
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being nested inside the other.
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The
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.UL nesting
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.UL level
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of a loop is the number of loops in
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which it is nested (so it is 0 for
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an outermost loop).
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The details of loop detection will be discussed later.
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.PP
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It is often desirable to know whether a
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basic block gets executed during every iteration
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of a loop.
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This leads to the following definitions:
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.IP -
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A basic block B of a loop L is said to be a \fIfirm\fR block
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of L if B is executed on all successive iterations of L,
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with the only possible exception of the last iteration.
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.IP -
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A basic block B of a loop L is said to be a \fIstrong\fR block
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of L if B is executed on all successive iterations of L.
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.LP
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Note that a strong block is also a firm block.
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If a block is part of a conditional statement, it is neither
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strong nor firm, as it may be skipped during some iterations
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(see Fig. 3.2).
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.DS
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loop
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if cond1 then
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... \kx-- this code will not
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\h'|\nxu'-- result in a firm or strong block
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end if;
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... -- strong (always executed)
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exit when cond2;
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... \kx-- firm (not executed on last iteration).
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end loop;
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Fig. 3.2 Example of firm and strong block
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.DE
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.DS
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.UL syntax
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.TS
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lw(1i) l l.
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looptable:
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{loop} ;
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loop:
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LP_ID -- unique identifying number
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LEVEL -- loop nesting level
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entry -- loop entry block
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end ;
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entry:
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B_ID ;
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end:
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B_ID ;
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.TE
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.DE
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