1250 lines
40 KiB
Text
1250 lines
40 KiB
Text
.\" $Header$
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.if n .nr PD 1v
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.if n .nr LL 78m
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.if n .ll 78m
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.TL
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Amsterdam Compiler Kit Installation Guide
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.AU
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Ed Keizer
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(revised for 3rd, 4th and 5th distribution by Ceriel Jacobs)
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.AI
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Vakgroep Informatica
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Vrije Universiteit
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Amsterdam
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.NH
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Introduction
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.PP
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This document
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describes the process of installing the Amsterdam Compiler Kit (ACK).
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It depends on the combination of hard- and software how
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hard it will be to install the Kit.
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This description is intended for a Sun-3 or SPARC workstation.
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Installation on VAXen running Berkeley
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.UX
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or Ultrix,
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Sun-2 systems and most System V
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.UX
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systems should be easy.
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As of this distribution, installation on PDP-11's or other
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systems with a small address space is no longer supported.
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See section 8 for installation on other systems.
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.NH
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The ACK installation process
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.PP
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In the ACK installation process, three directory trees are used:
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.IP "-"
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the ACK source tree. This is the tree on the ACK distribution medium.
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For the rest of this document, we will refer to this directory
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as $SRC_HOME;
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.IP "-"
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a configuration tree. This tree is built by the installation process and
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is used to do compilations in. Its structure reflects that of the source tree,
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but this tree will mostly contain Makefiles and relocatable objects.
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For the rest of this document, we will refer to this directory
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as $CONFIG;
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.IP "-"
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an ACK users tree. This tree is also built by the installation process.
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For the rest of this document, we will refer to this directory
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as $TARGET_HOME;
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.LP
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After installation,
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the directories in $TARGET_HOME contain the following information:
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.if n .sp 1
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.if n .nr PD 0
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.IP "bin" 14
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the few utilities that knot things together.
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See the section about "Commands".
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.IP "lib"
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root of a tree containing almost all libraries used by
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commands.
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Files specific to a certain machine are collected in one subtree
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per machine. E.g. "lib/pdp", "lib/z8000".
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The names used here are the same names as used for subtrees
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of "$SRC_HOME/mach".
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.IP "lib/descr"
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command descriptor files used by the program ack.
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.IP "lib/LLgen"
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files used by the LL(1) parser generator.
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.IP "lib/flex"
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files used by the lexical analyzer generator Flex.
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.IP "lib/m2"
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definition modules for Modula-2.
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.IP "lib.bin"
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root of a tree containing almost all binaries used by
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commands.
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All programs specific to a certain machine are collected in one subtree
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per machine. E.g. "lib.bin/pdp", "lib.bin/z8000".
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The names used here are the same names as used for subtrees
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of "$SRC_HOME/mach".
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.IP "lib.bin/ego"
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files used by the global optimizer.
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.IP "lib.bin/lint"
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binaries for the lint passes and lint libraries.
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.IP "lib.bin/ceg"
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files used by the code-expander-generator.
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.IP "etc"
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contains the file "ip_spec.t" needed for EM interpreters and EM documentation.
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.IP "config"
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contains two include files:
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.TS
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l l.
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em_path.h path names used by \fIack\fP, intended for all utilities
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local.h various definitions for local versions
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.TE
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These include files are specific for the current machine, so they
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are in a separate directory.
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.IP "include/_tail_cc"
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.br
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include files needed by modules
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in the C library from lang/cem/libcc.
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.IP "include/tail_ac"
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.br
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include files for ANSI C.
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.IP "include/occam"
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include files for occam.
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.IP "include/_tail_mon"
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.br
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more or less system independent include files needed by modules
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in the library lang/cem/libcc/mon.
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.IP "h"
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the #include files for:
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.TS
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l l.
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arch.h definition of the ACK archive format
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as_spec.h used by EM assembler and interpreters
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bc_io.h used by the Basic run-time system
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bc_string.h used by the Basic run-time system
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cg_pattern.h used by the backend program "cg" and its bootstrap
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cgg_cg.h used by the backend program "ncg" and its bootstrap
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em_abs.h contains trap numbers and address for lin and fil
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em_ego.h definition of names for some global optimizer
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messages
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em_flag.h definition of bits in array em_flag in
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$TARGET_HOME/lib.bin/em_data.a. Describes parameters
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effect on flow of instructions
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em_mes.h definition of names for mes pseudo numbers
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em_mnem.h instruction => compact mapping
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em_pseu.h pseudo instruction => compact mapping
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em_ptyp.h useful for compact code reading/writing,
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defines classes of parameters
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em_reg.h definition of mnemonics indicating register type
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em_spec.h definition of constants used in compact code
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ip_spec.h used by programs that read e.out files
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m2_traps.h used by the Modula-2 run-time system
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ocm_chan.h used by the occam run-time system
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ocm_parco.h used by the occam run-time system
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ocm_proc.h used by the occam run-time system
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out.h defines the ACK a.out format
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pc_err.h definitions of error numbers in Pascal
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pc_file.h macro's used in file handling in Pascal
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pc_math.h used by the Pascal runtime system
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ranlib.h defines symbol table format for archives
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stb.h defines debugger symbol table types
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.TE
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.IP "modules"
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root of a tree containing modules for compiler writers.
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.IP "modules/man"
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manual pages for all modules.
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.IP "modules/lib"
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contains module objects.
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.IP "modules/h"
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include files for some of the modules.
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.IP "modules/pkg"
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include files for some of the modules.
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.IP "doc"
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this directory contains the unformatted documents for the Kit.
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A list of the available documents can be found in the last section.
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.IP "doc/em"
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the EM-manual IR-81.
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.IP "doc/em/int"
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the EM interpreter written in Pascal.
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.IP "man"
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man files for various utilities.
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.if n .nr PD 1v
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.LP
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When installing ACK on several types of machines with a shared file system,
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it may be useful to know that the "doc", "etc", "h",
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"include", "lib" and "man" sub-directories do not depend on this
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particular installation. They do not contain binaries or path-dependent
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information. These directories can therefore be shared between the
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ACK installations. This can be accomplished by creating the tree and
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suitable symbolic links before starting the installation process.
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.LP
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For instance, let us say there is a file-system that is accessible from
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the different machines as "/usr/share/local", and the ACK binary tree
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must be installed in "/usr/local/ack". In this case, proceed as follows:
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.IP \-
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create a directory "/usr/share/local/ack", with subdirectories
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"doc", "etc", "h", "include", "lib" and "man".
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.IP \-
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create a directory "/usr/local/ack" and
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then create symbolic links "doc" to "/usr/share/local/ack/doc", etc.
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.LP
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If this is done on all machines on which ACK will be installed, the
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machine-independent part only has to be installed once, preferably
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on the fastest processor (it takes a long time to install all libraries).
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.LP
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The directories in the source tree contain the following information:
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.if n .sp 1
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.if n .nr PD 0
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.IP "bin" 14
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source of some shell-scripts.
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.IP "lib"
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mostly description files for the "ack" program.
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.IP "etc"
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the main description of EM sits here.
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Files (e.g. em_table) describing
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the opcodes and pseudos in use,
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the operands allowed, effect in stack etc. etc.
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.IP "mkun"
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the PUBMAC macro package for nroff/troff from the Katholieke Universiteit at
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Nijmegen.
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It is used for the EM reference manual.
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The Makefile installs the macro package in
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/usr/lib/tmac.
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This package is in the public domain.
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.IP "mach"
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just there to group the directories with all sources for each machine.
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The section about "Machines" of this manual indicates which subdirectories
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are used for which systems.
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.br
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These directories have subdirectories named:
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.in +3n
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.TS
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l l.
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cg the backend (*.m => *.s)
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ncg the new backend (*.m => *.s)
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as the assembler (*.s => *.o) or
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assembler/linker (*.s + libraries => a.out)
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cv conversion programs for a.out files
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dl down-load programs
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top the target optimizer
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int source for an interpreter
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libbc to create Basic run-time system and libraries
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libcc to create C run-time system and libraries
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libcc.ansi to create ANSI C run-time system and libraries
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libpc to create Pascal run-time system and libraries
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libf77 to create Fortran run-time system and libraries
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libm2 to create Modula-2 run-time system and libraries
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liboc to create occam run-time system and libraries
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libem EM runtime system, only depending on CPU type
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libend library defining end, edata, etext
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libfp to create floating point library
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libdb to create debugger support library
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libsys system-dependent EM library
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libce fast cc-compatible C compiler library support
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ce code expander (fast back-end)
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test various tests
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.TE
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.in -3n
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Actually, some of these directories will only appear in the configuration tree.
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.br
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The directory proto contains files used by most machines,
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like machine-independent sources and Makefiles.
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.in +3n
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.TS
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l l.
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mach/proto/cg current backend sources
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mach/proto/ncg new backend sources
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mach/proto/as assembler sources
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mach/proto/top target optimizer sources
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mach/proto/fp floating point package sources
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mach/proto/libg makefiles for compiling libraries
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mach/proto/grind machine-independent debugger support
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.TE
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.IP "emtest"
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contains prototype of em test set.
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.IP "lang"
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just there to group the directories for all front-ends.
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.IP "lang/pc"
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the Pascal front-end.
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.IP "lang/pc/libpc"
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.br
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source of Pascal run-time system (in EM or C).
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.IP "lang/pc/test"
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some test programs written in Pascal.
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.IP "lang/pc/comp"
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the Pascal compiler proper.
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.IP "lang/cem"
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the C front-end.
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.IP "lang/cem/libcc"
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.br
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directories with sources of C runtime system, libraries (in EM or C).
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.IP "lang/cem/libcc/gen"
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.br
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sources for routines in chapter III of
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.UX
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programmers manual,
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excluding stdio.
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.IP "lang/cem/libcc/stdio"
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.br
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stdio sources.
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.IP "lang/cem/libcc/math"
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.br
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sources for mathematical routines, normally available with the
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\fB-lm\fP option to \fIcc\fP.
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.IP "lang/cem/libcc/mon"
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.br
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sources for routines in chapter II, mostly written in EM.
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.IP "lang/cem/cemcom"
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.br
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the compiler proper.
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.IP "lang/cem/cemcom.ansi"
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.br
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the ANSI C compiler proper.
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.IP "lang/cem/cpp.ansi"
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.br
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the ANSI C preprocessor.
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.IP "lang/cem/libcc.ansi"
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.br
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the ANSI C library sources.
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.IP "lang/cem/ctest"
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.br
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the C test set.
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.IP "lang/cem/ctest/cterr"
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.br
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programs developed for pinpointing previous errors.
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.IP "lang/cem/ctest/ct*"
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.br
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the test programs.
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.IP "lang/cem/lint"
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a C program checker.
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.IP "lang/cem/lint/lpass1"
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.br
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the first pass of lint.
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.IP "lang/cem/lint/lpass1.ansi"
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.br
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the first pass of lint, this time for ANSI C.
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.IP "lang/cem/lint/lpass2"
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.br
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the second pass of lint, shared between ANSI C and "old-fashioned" C.
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.IP "lang/cem/lint/llib"
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.br
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programs for producing lint libraries.
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.IP "lang/basic"
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the Basic front-end.
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.IP "lang/basic/src"
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.br
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the compiler proper.
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.IP "lang/basic/lib"
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.br
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the Basic run-time library source.
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.IP "lang/basic/test"
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.br
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various Basic programs.
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.IP "lang/occam"
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the occam front-end.
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.IP "lang/occam/comp"
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.br
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the compiler proper.
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.IP "lang/occam/lib"
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.br
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source of occam run-time system (in EM or C).
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.IP "lang/occam/test"
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.br
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some occam programs.
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.IP "lang/m2"
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the Modula-2 front-end.
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.IP "lang/m2/comp"
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the compiler proper.
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.IP "lang/m2/libm2"
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source of Modula-2 run-time system (in EM, C and Modula-2).
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.IP "lang/m2/m2mm"
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the Modula-2 makefile generator.
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.IP "lang/m2/test"
|
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some Modula-2 example programs.
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.IP "lang/fortran"
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the Fortran front-end (translates Fortran into C). This compiler is not
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a part of ACK, but is included because it adds another language.
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The Fortran system carries the following copyright notice:
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.IP ""
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.nf
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/**************************************************************
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Copyright 1990, 1991 by AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bellcore.
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Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software
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and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
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granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all
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copies and that both that the copyright notice and this
|
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permission notice and warranty disclaimer appear in supporting
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documentation, and that the names of AT&T Bell Laboratories or
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Bellcore or any of their entities not be used in advertising or
|
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publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without
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specific, written prior permission.
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AT&T and Bellcore disclaim all warranties with regard to this
|
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software, including all implied warranties of merchantability
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and fitness. In no event shall AT&T or Bellcore be liable for
|
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any special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages
|
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whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether
|
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in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious action,
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arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of
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this software.
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**************************************************************/
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.fi
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.IP "lang/fortran/comp"
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.br
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the compiler proper.
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.IP "lang/fortran/lib"
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.br
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source of Fortran runtime system and libraries.
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.IP "fast"
|
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contains sub-directories for installing the fast ACK compatible compilers.
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.IP "fast/driver"
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.br
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|
contains the sources of the fast ACK compatible compiler drivers.
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|
.IP "fcc"
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|
contains the fast cc-compatible C compiler for SUN-3 and VAX.
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.IP "util"
|
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contains directories with sources for various utilities.
|
|
.IP "util/ack"
|
|
the program used for translation with the Kit.
|
|
.IP "util/opt"
|
|
the EM peephole optimizer (*.k => *.m).
|
|
.IP "util/ego"
|
|
the global optimizer.
|
|
.IP "util/topgen"
|
|
the target optimizer generator.
|
|
.IP "util/misc"
|
|
decode (*.[km] => *.e) + encode (*.e => *.k).
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|
.IP "util/data"
|
|
the C-code for $TARGET_HOME/lib.bin/em_data.a.
|
|
These sources are created by the Makefile in `etc`.
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.IP "util/ass"
|
|
the EM assembler (*.[km] + libraries => e.out).
|
|
.IP "util/arch"
|
|
the archivers to be used for all EM utilities.
|
|
.IP "util/cgg"
|
|
a program needed for compiling backends.
|
|
.IP "util/ncgg"
|
|
a program needed for compiling the newest backends.
|
|
.IP "util/cpp"
|
|
the C preprocessor.
|
|
.IP "util/shf"
|
|
various shell files.
|
|
.IP "util/LLgen"
|
|
the extended LL(1) parser generator.
|
|
.IP "util/amisc"
|
|
contains some programs handling ACK a.out format, such as anm, asize.
|
|
.IP "util/cmisc"
|
|
contains some programs to help in resolving name conflicts, and
|
|
a dependency generator for makefiles.
|
|
.IP "util/led"
|
|
the ACK link-editor, reading ACK relocatable a.out format, and writing
|
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ACK a.out format.
|
|
.IP "util/int"
|
|
an EM interpreter, written in C. Very useful for checking out software,
|
|
but slow.
|
|
.IP "util/ceg"
|
|
code expander generator.
|
|
.IP "util/grind"
|
|
a symbolic debugger.
|
|
.IP "util/byacc"
|
|
this is Berkeley yacc, in the public domain.
|
|
.IP "util/flex"
|
|
this is a replacement for lex. It carries the following copyright notice:
|
|
.IP ""
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|
.nf
|
|
Copyright (c) 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
|
|
All rights reserved.
|
|
|
|
This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
|
|
Vern Paxson.
|
|
|
|
The United States Government has rights in this work pursuant
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|
to contract no. DE-AC03-76SF00098 between the United States
|
|
Department of Energy and the University of California.
|
|
|
|
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted
|
|
provided that: (1) source distributions retain this entire
|
|
copyright notice and comment, and (2) distributions including
|
|
binaries display the following acknowledgement: ``This product
|
|
includes software developed by the University of California,
|
|
Berkeley and its contributors'' in the documentation or other
|
|
materials provided with the distribution and in all advertising
|
|
materials mentioning features or use of this software. Neither the
|
|
name of the University nor the names of its contributors may be
|
|
used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
|
|
without specific prior written permission.
|
|
|
|
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
|
|
IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
|
|
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
|
|
PURPOSE.
|
|
.fi
|
|
.ne 4
|
|
.if n .nr PD 1v
|
|
.LP
|
|
All path names mentioned in the text of this document are relative to
|
|
$SRC_HOME, unless they start with '/' or one of $SRC_HOME,
|
|
$TARGET_HOME or $CONFIG.
|
|
.NH
|
|
Restoring the ACK tree
|
|
.PP
|
|
The process of installing the Amsterdam Compiler Kit is quite simple.
|
|
The first step is to restore the Amsterdam Compiler Kit
|
|
distribution tree structure.
|
|
Proceed as follows
|
|
.IP " \-" 10
|
|
Create a directory, for example /usr/share/local/src/ack, on a device
|
|
with at least 15 Megabytes left. This directory will be $SRC_HOME.
|
|
.IP " \-"
|
|
Change to that directory (cd ...).
|
|
.IP " \-"
|
|
Extract all files from the distribution medium, for instance
|
|
magtape:
|
|
\fBtar x\fP.
|
|
.IP " \-"
|
|
Keep a copy of the original distribution to be able to repeat the process
|
|
of installation in case of disasters.
|
|
This copy is also useful as a reference point for diff-listings.
|
|
.NH
|
|
Adapting ACK to the local system
|
|
.PP
|
|
Before compiling the sources in the Kit some installation dependent
|
|
actions have to be taken.
|
|
Most of these are performed by an interactive shell script in the file
|
|
.I $SRC_HOME/first/first.
|
|
Calling this script should be done
|
|
from another directory, for instance an empty directory which will later
|
|
become $CONFIG.
|
|
.LP
|
|
The actions of the
|
|
.I first
|
|
script are:
|
|
.if n .sp 1
|
|
.if n .nr PD 0
|
|
.IP \-
|
|
Asking for the path names of the ACK source directory ($SRC_HOME), the
|
|
configuration directory ($CONFIG), and the ACK users directory ($TARGET_HOME).
|
|
About 5M are needed for the configuration tree. The disk space needed
|
|
for the ACK users tree depends on which front-ends and back-ends are to be
|
|
installed.
|
|
For instance, on our SPARC systems
|
|
we have installed all languages and 6 back-ends, including the
|
|
system-independent part. This amounts to about 16M.
|
|
On our SUN-3 systems, we have installed all front-ends and 5 back-ends,
|
|
but only the machine-dependent part. The machine-independent directories are
|
|
symbolic links to the SPARC ACK users tree.
|
|
We also have the fast ACK compilers
|
|
installed on the SUN-3's.
|
|
The total amount of disk-space used is less than 8M.
|
|
.IP \-
|
|
Asking for what type of system the binary tree must be produced for
|
|
and creating the shell script "ack_sys" in the Kit's bin directory.
|
|
Several utilities make use of "ack_sys" to determine the type of
|
|
system.
|
|
The current choice is between:
|
|
.TS
|
|
c c c
|
|
l l l.
|
|
answer system type default machine
|
|
vax_bsd4_1a VAX11 + BSD4.1a vax4
|
|
vax_bsd4_2 VAX11 + BSD4.2 vax4
|
|
vax_sysV_2 VAX11 + System V.2 vax4
|
|
i386 Intel 80386 system + Xenix System V i386
|
|
sun3 Sun-3 Motorola 68020 workstation sun3
|
|
sun2 Sun-2 Motorola 68010 workstation sun2
|
|
m68_sysV_0 68000 + Uniplus System V.0 mantra
|
|
m68020 Motorola 68020 VME131 + System V/68 R2V2.1 m68020
|
|
sparc Sun-4 or SPARC workstation sparc
|
|
ANY Neither of the above ???
|
|
.TE
|
|
For some of these, the installation procedure has not been tested, as
|
|
we don't have them.
|
|
For others, the installation procedure has only been tested with earlier
|
|
distributions, as we don't have those systems anymore.
|
|
However, the sun3 and sparc systems are known to behave reasonably.
|
|
The Sun systems should run SunOs Release 3.0 or newer.
|
|
The i386 choice may also be used for Intel 80386 or 80486 systems
|
|
running
|
|
.UX
|
|
System V Release 4. These systems are also able to run Xenix System V
|
|
binaries.
|
|
If the target system is not on this list, choose one that comes close.
|
|
If none of them come close, use the "ANY" choice.
|
|
For ANY, any name can be used,
|
|
but the Kit will not be able to compile programs for the target system.
|
|
See the section about "compilation
|
|
on a different machine".
|
|
.IP \-
|
|
Setting the default machine for which code is
|
|
produced to the local type of system according to the table above.
|
|
This in done in the file "$TARGET_HOME/config/local.h".
|
|
See also section 9.1.
|
|
.IP \-
|
|
Asking for things that don't have to be installed.
|
|
.IP \-
|
|
Producing a shell script called "INSTALL" that will take care of the
|
|
ACK installation process.
|
|
.if n .sp 1
|
|
.if n .nr PD 1v
|
|
.LP
|
|
Some actions still have to be done by hand:
|
|
.if n .sp 1
|
|
.if n .nr PD 0
|
|
.IP \-
|
|
The installation of the PUBMAC macro package is not done
|
|
automatically because super-user privileges are needed to do
|
|
that on most systems.
|
|
This macro package is used with several of the documents
|
|
provided in the Kit.
|
|
.if n .sp 1
|
|
.if n .nr PD 0
|
|
.NH
|
|
Compiling the Kit
|
|
.PP
|
|
The next step in the installation process is to run the "INSTALL"
|
|
shell-script. When using a Bourne-shell, type:
|
|
.DS
|
|
sh INSTALL > INSTALL.out 2>&1 &
|
|
.DE
|
|
When using a C-shell, type:
|
|
.DS
|
|
sh INSTALL >& INSTALL.out &
|
|
.DE
|
|
This shell-script performs the following steps:
|
|
.if n .sp 1
|
|
.if n .nr PD 0
|
|
.IP \-
|
|
Produce a configuration tree ($CONFIG), reflecting the structure of the
|
|
source tree.
|
|
.IP \-
|
|
Produce Makefiles in $CONFIG.
|
|
As mentioned before, compilations
|
|
will be done in the configuration tree, not in the source tree.
|
|
Most configuration directories will have Makefiles
|
|
used to compile and install the programs in that
|
|
directory.
|
|
All programs needed for compilation and/or cross compilation
|
|
with the Kit are installed in $TARGET_HOME by these Makefiles.
|
|
These Makefiles are produced from corresponding files called
|
|
"proto.make" in the source tree. In fact, the "proto.make" files
|
|
are almost complete Makefiles, except for some macro definitions that
|
|
are collected by the \fIfirst\fP script.
|
|
The Makefiles adhere to a standard which is described in the
|
|
section 9.
|
|
.IP \-
|
|
Copy "Action" files to the configuration tree and editing them to
|
|
reflect the choices concerning the parts of ACK that have to be
|
|
installed. "Action" files are described below.
|
|
.IP \-
|
|
Copy part of the source tree to the ACK users tree (include files,
|
|
manual pages, documentation, et cetera).
|
|
.IP \-
|
|
Calling the "TakeAction" script.
|
|
All these Makefiles do not have to be called separately.
|
|
We wrote a shell script calling the make's needed to install
|
|
the whole Kit.
|
|
This script consists of the file $SRC_HOME/TakeAction
|
|
and a few files called Action in some configuration directories.
|
|
The Action files describe in a very simple form which actions
|
|
have to be performed in which directories.
|
|
The default action is to start "make install && make clean".
|
|
The output of each make is diverted to a file called "Out"
|
|
in the same directory as the make was started in.
|
|
If the make was successful (return code 0) the Out file is removed
|
|
and the script TakeAction produces a small message indicating
|
|
that it succeeded in fulfilling its goal.
|
|
If the make was not successful (any other return code) the Out file
|
|
is left alone for further examination and the script TakeAction
|
|
produces a small message indicating that it failed.
|
|
.br
|
|
For some programs the scripts already know they can't be
|
|
installed on the local type of system.
|
|
In that case they produce a message "Sorry, ....." and
|
|
happily proceed with further installation commands.
|
|
.if n .sp 1
|
|
.if n .nr PD 1v
|
|
.LP
|
|
Installation of the Kit might take anything from a few
|
|
hours to more than a day, depending on the speed of the local machine and
|
|
what must be installed.
|
|
.LP
|
|
If the installation succeeded, the Kit is ready to be used.
|
|
Read section 6 and the manuals provided
|
|
with the Kit (in the $TARGET_HOME/man directory) on how to use it.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Problems
|
|
.NH 3
|
|
on Unisoft m68000 systems.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The Unisoft C compiler has a bug which impedes the correct
|
|
translation of the peephole optimizer.
|
|
For a more detailed description of this phenomenon see
|
|
the file "$SRC_HOME/mach/m68k2/Unisoft_bug".
|
|
(This observation was made in 1985 or so, so it is probably
|
|
no longer true).
|
|
.NH 3
|
|
with backends
|
|
.PP
|
|
The backends for the PDP11, VAX, Motorola 68000 and 68020,
|
|
SPARC, Intel 8086, and Intel 80386
|
|
have been heavily used by ourselves and are well tested.
|
|
The backends for the other machines are known to run our own
|
|
test programs,
|
|
but might reveal errors when more heavily used.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
An example output of TakeAction.
|
|
.LP
|
|
.sp 1
|
|
.nf
|
|
System definition -- done
|
|
EM definition library -- done
|
|
C utilities -- done
|
|
Flex lexical analyzer generator -- done
|
|
Yacc parser generator -- done
|
|
system-call interface module -- done
|
|
.
|
|
.
|
|
.
|
|
EM Global optimizer -- done
|
|
ACK archiver -- done
|
|
Program 'ack' -- done
|
|
Bootstrap for backend tables -- done
|
|
Bootstrap for newest form of backend tables -- done
|
|
.
|
|
.
|
|
.
|
|
C frontend -- done
|
|
ANSI-C frontend -- done
|
|
ANSI-C preprocessor -- done
|
|
ANSI-C header files -- done
|
|
Failed for LINT C program checker, see lang/cem/lint/Out
|
|
Pascal frontend -- done
|
|
Basic frontend -- done
|
|
.
|
|
.
|
|
.
|
|
Vax 4-4 assembler -- done
|
|
Vax 4-4 backend -- done
|
|
Vax target optimizer -- done
|
|
ACK a.out to VAX a.out conversion program -- done
|
|
Sorry, Vax code expander library can only be made on vax* systems
|
|
Vax 4-4 EM library -- done
|
|
Vax 4-4 debugger support library -- done
|
|
Vax 4-4 etext,edata,end library -- done
|
|
Vax 4-4 systemcall interface -- done
|
|
.
|
|
.
|
|
.
|
|
.sp 1
|
|
.fi
|
|
.LP
|
|
The lines starting with "Sorry, " indicate that certain programs cannot
|
|
be translated on the local machine.
|
|
The lines starting with "Failed for" indicate
|
|
that certain programs/libraries were expected to,
|
|
but did not compile.
|
|
In this example, the installation of LINT failed.
|
|
To repeat a certain part of the installation, look in
|
|
the Action file, which resides in the root of the configuration tree,
|
|
for the directory in which that part is to be found.
|
|
If that directory contains an Action file issue the command
|
|
"sh $CONFIG/bin/TakeAction", otherwise type "make install".
|
|
.NH
|
|
Commands
|
|
.PP
|
|
The following commands are available in the $TARGET_HOME/bin directory after compilation
|
|
of the Kit:
|
|
.IP "\fIack\fP, \fIacc\fP, \fIabc\fP, \fIapc\fP, \fIocm\fP, \fIm2\fP, \fIf2c\fP and their links" 14
|
|
.br
|
|
the names mentioned here can be used to compile Pascal, C, etc... programs.
|
|
Most of the links can be used to generate code for a particular
|
|
machine.
|
|
See also the section about "Machines".
|
|
.IP \fIarch\fP
|
|
the archiver used for the EM- and universal assembler/loader.
|
|
.IP \fIaal\fP
|
|
the archiver used for ACK objects.
|
|
.IP \fIem\fP
|
|
this program selects a interpreter to execute an e.out file.
|
|
Interpreters exist for PDP-11 and Motorola 68000 systems.
|
|
.IP \fIeminform\fP
|
|
the program to unravel the post-mortem information of
|
|
the EM interpretator for the PDP-11.
|
|
.IP \fILLgen\fP
|
|
the LL(1) parser generator.
|
|
.IP \fIack_sys\fP
|
|
a shell script producing an identification of the target system.
|
|
Used by some utilities to determine what is, and what is
|
|
not feasible on the target system.
|
|
.IP \fImarch\fP
|
|
a shell script used while compiling libraries.
|
|
.IP "\fIasize\fP, \fIanm\fP, \fIastrip\fP"
|
|
.br
|
|
do the same as \fIsize\fP, \fInm\fP and \fIstrip\fP, but for ACK object format.
|
|
.IP \fImkdep\fP
|
|
a dependency generator for makefiles.
|
|
.IP "\fIcid\fP, \fIprid\fP, \fIcclash\fP"
|
|
.br
|
|
some utilities for handling name clashes in C programs. Some
|
|
systems have C-compilers with only 7 or 8 characters significant in
|
|
identifiers.
|
|
.IP \fItabgen\fP
|
|
a utility for generating character tables for C-programs.
|
|
.IP \fIint\fP
|
|
an EM interpreter. This one is written in C, and is very useful for checking
|
|
out programs.
|
|
.IP \fIgrind\fP
|
|
a source level debugger for C, ANSI-C, Modula-2 and Pascal.
|
|
.IP "\fIafcc\fP, \fIafm2\fP, \fIafpc\fP"
|
|
.br
|
|
these are ACK-compatible fast C, Modula-2 and Pascal compilers,
|
|
available for M68020, VAX and Intel 80386 systems. They compile very fast,
|
|
but produce slow code.
|
|
.IP \fIfcc\fP
|
|
this is a cc-compatible fast C compiler, available on SUN-3 and VAX
|
|
systems. It compiles very fast, but produces slow code.
|
|
.LP
|
|
We currently make the Kit available to our users by telling
|
|
them that they should include the $TARGET_HOME/bin directory in
|
|
their PATH shell variable.
|
|
The programs will still work when moved to a different
|
|
directory or linked to.
|
|
Copying should preferably be done with tar, since links are
|
|
heavily used.
|
|
Renaming of the programs linked to \fIack\fP will not always
|
|
produce the desired result.
|
|
This program uses its call name as an argument.
|
|
Any call name not being \fIcc\fP, \fIacc\fP, \fIabc\fP, \fIpc\fP, \fIf2c\fP,
|
|
\fIocm\fP, \fIm2\fP, or \fIapc\fP will be
|
|
interpreted as the name of a 'machine description' and the
|
|
program will try to find a description file with that name.
|
|
The installation process will only touch the utilities in the $TARGET_HOME/bin
|
|
directory, not copies of these utilities.
|
|
.NH
|
|
Machines
|
|
.PP
|
|
Below is a table with entries for all commands in
|
|
the bin directory used to (cross)compile for a particular machine.
|
|
The name in the first column gives the name in the bin directory.
|
|
The column headed dir indicates which subdirectories of
|
|
$TARGET_HOME/lib and/or $TARGET_HOME/lib.bin are needed for compilation.
|
|
The column head i/p contains the integer and pointer size used in units of
|
|
bytes.
|
|
The subdirectories with the same name in mach contain the sources.
|
|
A * in the column headed 'fp' indicates that floating point can be used
|
|
for that particular machine. A + in that column indicates that floating
|
|
point is available under the '-fp' option. In this case, software
|
|
floating point emulation is used.
|
|
.TS
|
|
l l l l l l l.
|
|
command system i/p languages fp dir remarks
|
|
|
|
pdp PDP/UNIX V7 2/2 C * pdp
|
|
Pascal
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
|
|
vax4 VAX/BSD 4.? 4/4 C * vax4
|
|
System V.2 Pascal
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
Fortran
|
|
|
|
sparc Sun-4 4/4 C * sparc
|
|
Pascal
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
Fortran
|
|
|
|
m68k2 M68000/ 2/4 C + m68k2
|
|
Unisoft Pascal
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
|
|
m68k4 M68000/ 4/4 C + m68k4
|
|
Unisoft Pascal m68k2
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
Fortran
|
|
|
|
pmds M68000/ 2/4 C + pmds Philips Micro
|
|
PMDS Pascal m68k2 Devel. System
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
|
|
pmds4 M68000/ 4/4 C + pmds4 Philips Micro
|
|
PMDS Pascal m68k2 Devel. System
|
|
Basic m68k4
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
Fortran
|
|
|
|
mantra M68000/ 4/4 C + mantra
|
|
Sys V.0 Pascal m68k2
|
|
Basic m68k4
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
Fortran
|
|
|
|
m68020 M68020/ 4/4 C + m68020
|
|
Sys V/68 R2V2.1 Pascal
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
Fortran
|
|
|
|
sun3 Sun-3 R4.1 4/4 C + sun3
|
|
Pascal m68020
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
Fortran
|
|
|
|
sun2 Sun-2 R3.0 4/4 C + sun2
|
|
Pascal m68k4
|
|
Basic m68k2
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
Fortran
|
|
|
|
i86 IBM PC/IX 2/2 C + i86 IBM PC with PC/IX
|
|
Pascal Causes kernel crashes
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
|
|
xenix3 Microsoft 2/2 C + xenix3 IBM AT with Xenix
|
|
Xenix V3 Pascal i86
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
|
|
i386 SCO Xenix 4/4 C + i386 Intel 80386
|
|
System V Pascal Xenix System V
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
Fortran
|
|
|
|
minix Minix PC 2/2 C + minix IBM PC running Minix
|
|
Pascal i86
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
|
|
minixST ST Minix 2/4 C + minixST Atari ST running Minix
|
|
Pascal m68k2
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
|
|
z8000 Zilog 8000 2/2 C z8000 Central Data
|
|
Pascal CPU board
|
|
Basic Assembler/loader
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
|
|
em22 EM machine 2/2 C * em22 Needs interpreter
|
|
Pascal
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
|
|
em24 EM machine 2/4 C * em24 Needs interpreter
|
|
Pascal
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
|
|
em44 EM machine 4/4 C * em44 Needs interpreter
|
|
Pascal
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
Fortran
|
|
|
|
6500 6502/BBC 2/2 C 6500 Assembler/loader
|
|
Pascal
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
|
|
6800 Bare 6800 6800 Assembler only
|
|
|
|
6805 Bare 6805 6805 Assembler only
|
|
|
|
6809 Bare 6809 6809 Assembler only
|
|
|
|
ns Bare NS16032 4/4 C ns
|
|
Pascal
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
Fortran
|
|
|
|
i80 Hermac/z80 2/2 C i80
|
|
Pascal
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
|
|
z80 Hermac/z80 2/2 C z80 \fIi80\fP is faster
|
|
Pascal
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
|
|
s2650 Signetics s2650 Assembler only
|
|
|
|
arm Acorn 4/4 C * arm Assembler/loader
|
|
Archimedes Pascal
|
|
Basic
|
|
occam
|
|
Modula-2
|
|
Fortran
|
|
.TE
|
|
.LP
|
|
The commands \fBem22\fP, \fBem24\fP and \fBem44\fP
|
|
produce e.out files with EM machine code which must be interpreted.
|
|
The Kit contains three interpreters: one running under PDP 11/V7 UNIX,
|
|
one for the M68000, running under the PMDS system, Sun systems,
|
|
the Mantra system, etc, and a portable one, written in C.
|
|
The first one can only interpret 2/2 e.out files,
|
|
the second takes 2/4 and 4/4 files,
|
|
and the last one takes 2/2, 2/4 and 4/4.
|
|
The PDP 11 interpreter executes floating point instructions.
|
|
.LP
|
|
The program \fB$TARGET_HOME/bin/em\fP calls the appropriate
|
|
interpreter.
|
|
The interpreters are looked for in the em22, em24 and em44
|
|
subdirectories of $TARGET_HOME/lib.bin.
|
|
The third interpreter is available as the program \fB$TARGET_HOME/bin/int\fP
|
|
in the bin directory.
|
|
.NH
|
|
Compilation on a different machine.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The Kit be installed and used as a cross-compiler
|
|
for the languages it supports on
|
|
.UX
|
|
machine.
|
|
The presence of most
|
|
.UX
|
|
utilities is essential for compilation.
|
|
A few of the programs certainly needed are: C-compiler, sed,
|
|
make, and awk.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Backend
|
|
.PP
|
|
The existence of a backend with a system call library
|
|
for the target system is essential
|
|
for producing executable files for that system.
|
|
Rewriting the system call library if the one supplied does
|
|
not work on the target system is fairly straightforward.
|
|
If no backend exists for the target CPU type, a new backend has to be written
|
|
which is a major undertaking.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Universal assembler/loader, link editor
|
|
.PP
|
|
For most machines, the description files in $TARGET_HOME/lib/*/descr use our
|
|
universal assembler and our link editor.
|
|
The load file produced is not directly
|
|
usable in any system known to us,
|
|
but has to be converted before it can be put to use.
|
|
The \fIcv\fP programs convert our a.out format into
|
|
executable files.
|
|
The \fIdl\fP programs present for some machines unravel
|
|
our a.out files and transmit commands to load memory
|
|
to a microprocessor over a serial line.
|
|
The file $TARGET_HOME/man/man5/ack.out.5 contains a description of the format of
|
|
the universal assembler load file.
|
|
It might be useful to those who wish or need to write their
|
|
own conversion programs.
|
|
Also, a module is included to read and write our a.out format.
|
|
See $TARGET_HOME/man/man3/object.3.
|
|
.NH
|
|
Options
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Default machine
|
|
.PP
|
|
There is one important option in $TARGET_HOME/config/local.h.
|
|
The utility \fIack\fP uses a default machine name when called
|
|
as \fIacc\fP, \fIcc\fP, \fIabc\fP, \fIapc\fP, \fIpc\fP, \fIocm\fP,
|
|
\fIm2\fP, \fIf2c\fP, or \fIack\fP.
|
|
The machine name used for default is determined by the
|
|
definition of ACKM in $TARGET_HOME/config/local.h.
|
|
The Kit is distributed with "sun3" as the default machine,
|
|
but the shell script "first" in the directory "first" alters this
|
|
to suit the target system.
|
|
There is nothing against using the Kit as a cross-compiler
|
|
and by default produce code that can't run on the local system.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Pathnames
|
|
.PP
|
|
Absolute path names are concentrated in "$TARGET_HOME/config/em_path.h".
|
|
Only the utilities \fIack\fP, \fIflex\fP, and \fILLgen\fP use
|
|
absolute path names to access files in the Kit.
|
|
The tree is distributed with /usr/em as the working
|
|
directory.
|
|
The definition of EM_DIR in em_path.h should be altered to
|
|
specify the root
|
|
directory for the Compiler Kit binaries on the local system ($TARGET_HOME).
|
|
This is done automatically by the shell script "first" in the
|
|
directory "first".
|
|
Em_path.h also specifies which directory should be used for
|
|
temporary files.
|
|
Most programs from the Kit do indeed use that directory
|
|
although some remain stubborn and use /tmp or /usr/tmp.
|
|
.LP
|
|
The shape of the tree should not be altered lightly because
|
|
most Makefiles and the
|
|
utility \fIack\fP know the shape of the ACK tree.
|
|
The knowledge of the utility \fIack\fP about the shape of the tree is
|
|
concentrated in the files in the directory $TARGET_HOME/lib/*/descr and $TARGET_HOME/lib/descr/*.
|
|
.NH
|
|
Makefiles
|
|
.PP
|
|
Most directories contain a "proto.make", from which a Makefile is derived.
|
|
Apart from commands applying to that specific directory these
|
|
files all recognize a few special commands.
|
|
When called with one of these they will apply the command to
|
|
their own directory.
|
|
The special commands are:
|
|
.sp 1
|
|
.IP "install" 20
|
|
recompile and install all binaries and libraries.
|
|
.br
|
|
Some Makefiles allow errors to occur in the programs they call.
|
|
They ignore such errors and notify the user with the message
|
|
"~....... error code n: ignored".
|
|
Whenever such a message appears in the output it can be ignored.
|
|
.IP "cmp"
|
|
recompile all binaries and libraries and compare them to the
|
|
ones already installed.
|
|
.IP pr
|
|
print the sources and documentation on the standard output.
|
|
.IP opr
|
|
make pr | opr
|
|
.br
|
|
Opr should be an off-line printer daemon.
|
|
On some systems it exists under another name e.g. lpr.
|
|
The easiest way to call such a spooler is using a shell script
|
|
with the name opr that calls lpr.
|
|
This script should be placed in /usr/bin or $TARGET_HOME/bin or
|
|
one of the directories in the PATH environment variable.
|
|
.IP clean
|
|
remove all files not needed for day-to-day use,
|
|
that is binaries not in $TARGET_HOME/bin or $TARGET_HOME/lib.bin, object files etc.
|
|
.LP
|
|
Example:
|
|
.DS
|
|
make install
|
|
.DE
|
|
given as command in a configuration directory will cause
|
|
compilation of all programs in the directory and copying of the results
|
|
to the $TARGET_HOME/bin and $TARGET_HOME/lib.bin directories.
|
|
.NH
|
|
Testing
|
|
.PP
|
|
Test sets are available in Pascal, C, Basic and EM assembly:
|
|
.IP EM 8
|
|
the directory $SRC_HOME/emtest contains a few EM test programs.
|
|
The EM assembly files in these tests must be transformed into
|
|
load files.
|
|
These tests use the LIN and NOP instructions to mark the passing of each
|
|
test.
|
|
The NOP instruction prints the current line number during the
|
|
test phase.
|
|
Each test notifies its correctness by calling LIN with a unique
|
|
number followed by a NOP which prints this line number.
|
|
The test finishes normally with 0 as the last number printed
|
|
In all other cases a bug showed its
|
|
existence.
|
|
.IP Pascal
|
|
the directory $SRC_HOME/lang/pc/test contains a few Pascal test programs.
|
|
All these programs print the number of errors found and a
|
|
identification of these errors.
|
|
.sp 1
|
|
.ti +4
|
|
We also tested Pascal with the Validation Suite.
|
|
The Validation Suite is a collection of more than 200 Pascal programs,
|
|
designed by Brian Wichmann and Arthur Sale to test Pascal compilers.
|
|
We are not allowed to distribute it, but a copy may
|
|
be requested from
|
|
.DS
|
|
Richard J. Cichelli
|
|
A.N.P.A.
|
|
1350 Sullivan Trail
|
|
P.O. Box 598
|
|
Easton, Pennsylvania 18042
|
|
USA
|
|
.DE
|
|
.IP C
|
|
the sub-directories in $SRC_HOME/lang/cem/ctest contain C test programs.
|
|
The idea behind these tests is:
|
|
if there is a program called xx.c, compile it into xx.cem.
|
|
Run it with standard output to xx.cem.r, compare this file to
|
|
xx.cem.g, a file containing the 'ideal' output.
|
|
Any differences will point to implementation differences or
|
|
bugs.
|
|
Giving the command "run gen" or plain "run" starts this
|
|
process.
|
|
The differences will be presented on standard output.
|
|
The contents of the result files depend on the word size,
|
|
the xx.cem.g files on the distribution are intended for a
|
|
32-bit machine.
|
|
.IP Basic
|
|
the directory $SRC_HOME/lang/basic/test contains some forty Basic programs.
|
|
Not all of these programs are correct, some have syntactic errors,
|
|
some simply don't work.
|
|
The Makefile in that directory attempts to compile and run
|
|
these tests.
|
|
If it compiles its output is compared to a file with suffix .g
|
|
which contains the output to be expected.
|
|
The make should be started with its standard input diverted
|
|
to /dev/null.
|
|
An example of the output of a make is present in the file Out.std.
|
|
.NH
|
|
Documentation
|
|
.PP
|
|
After installationm manual pages for Amsterdam Compiler Kit can be found
|
|
in the $TARGET_HOME/man directory.
|
|
.LP
|
|
Several documents are provided:
|
|
.TS
|
|
l l.
|
|
doc/toolkit.doc general overview (CACM article)
|
|
doc/em description of the EM machine architecture
|
|
doc/ack.doc format of machine description files (lib/*/descr)
|
|
doc/ansi_C.doc ANSI C implementation description
|
|
doc/basic.doc Basic reference manual
|
|
doc/pcref.doc Pascal-frontend reference manual
|
|
doc/val.doc results of running the Pascal Validation Suite
|
|
doc/crefman.doc C-frontend description
|
|
doc/LLgen description of the LL(1) parser generator
|
|
doc/peep.doc internal documentation for the peephole optimizer
|
|
doc/cg.doc documentation for backend writers and maintainers
|
|
doc/regadd.doc addendum to previous document describing register variables
|
|
doc/ncg.doc documentation for the newest backends
|
|
doc/v7bugs.doc bugs in the V7 system and how to fix them
|
|
doc/6500.doc MSC 6500 backend description
|
|
doc/i80.doc Intel 8080 backend description
|
|
doc/z80.doc Zilog Z80 backend description
|
|
doc/m68020.doc Motorola M68000/M68020 backend description
|
|
doc/sparc SPARC code expander description
|
|
doc/occam occam-frontend description
|
|
doc/ego Global Optimizer description
|
|
doc/top Target Optimizer description
|
|
doc/int description of the EM interpreter written in C
|
|
doc/ceg documentation for code-expander writers and maintainers
|
|
doc/lint documentation of LINT
|
|
doc/m2ref.doc Modula-2 frontend description
|
|
doc/install.doc this document
|
|
doc/install.pr this document (formatted)
|
|
.TE
|
|
.LP
|
|
The names in this list without a suffix are in fact a subdirectory.
|
|
Use the Makefile to get readable copies.
|
|
.LP
|
|
Good luck.
|