627 lines
19 KiB
Text
627 lines
19 KiB
Text
.EQ
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delim $$
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.EN
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.RP
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.TL
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ACK/CEM Compiler
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.br
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Reference Manual
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.AU
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Erik H. Baalbergen
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.AI
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Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
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Vrije Universiteit
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Amsterdam
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The Netherlands
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.AB no
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.AE
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.NH
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C Language
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.PP
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This section discusses the extensions to and deviations from the C language,
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as described in [1].
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The issues are numbered according to the reference manual.
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.SH
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2.2 Identifiers
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.PP
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Upper and lower case letters are different.
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The number of significant letters
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is 32 by default, but may be set to another value using the \fB\-M\fP option.
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The identifier length should be set according to the rest of the compilation
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programs.
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.SH
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2.3 Keywords
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.SH
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\f5asm\fP
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.PP
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The keyword \f5asm\fP
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is recognized.
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However, the statement
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.DS
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.ft 5
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asm(string);
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.ft R
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.DE
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is skipped, while a warning is given.
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.SH
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\f5enum\fP
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.PP
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The \f5enum\fP keyword is recognized and interpreted.
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.SH
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\f5entry\fP, \f5fortran\fP
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.PP
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The words \f5entry\fP and \f5fortran\fP
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are reserved under the restricted option.
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The words are not interpreted by the compiler.
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.SH
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2.4.1 Integer Constants
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.PP
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An octal or hex constant which is less than or equal to the largest unsigned
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(target) machine integer is taken to be \f5unsigned\fP.
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An octal or hex constant which exceeds the largest unsigned (target) machine
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integer is taken to be \f5long\fP.
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.SH
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2.4.3 Character Constants
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.PP
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A character constant is a sequence of 1 up to \f5sizeof(int)\fP characters
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enclosed in single quotes.
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The value of a character constant '$c sub 1 c sub 2 ... c sub n$'
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is $d sub n + M \(mu d sub {n - 1} + ... + M sup {n - 1} \(mu d sub 2 + M sup n \(mu d sub 1$,
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where M is 1 + maximum unsigned number representable in an \f5unsigned char\fP,
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and $d sub i$ is the signed value (ASCII)
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of character $c sub i$.
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.SH
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2.4.4 Floating Constants
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.PP
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The compiler does not support compile-time floating point arithmetic.
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.SH
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2.6 Hardware characteristics
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.PP
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The compiler is capable of producing EM code for machines with the following
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properties
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.IP \(bu
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a \f5char\fP is 8 bits
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.IP \(bu
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the size of \f5int\fP is equal to the word size
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.IP \(bu
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the size of \f5short\fP may not exceed the size of \f5int\fP
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.IP \(bu
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the size of \f5int\fP may not exceed the size of \f5long\fP
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.IP \(bu
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the size of pointers is equal to the size of either \f5short\fP, \f5int\fP
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or \f5long\fP
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.LP
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.SH
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4 What's in a name?
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.SH
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\f5char\fP
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.PP
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Objects of type \f5char\fP are taken to be signed.
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The combination \f5unsigned char\fP is legal.
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.SH
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\f5unsigned\fP
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.PP
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The type combinations \f5unsigned char\fP, \f5unsigned short\fP and
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\f5unsigned long\fP are supported.
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.SH
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\f5enum\fP
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.PP
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The data type \f5enum\fP is implemented as described
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in \fIRecent Changes to C\fP (see appendix A).
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.I Cem
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treats enumeration variables as if they were \f5int\fP.
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.SH
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\f5void\fP
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.PP
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Type \f5void\fP is implemented.
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The type specifies an empty set of values, which takes no storage space.
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.SH
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\fRFundamental types\fP
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.PP
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The names of the fundamental types can be redefined by the user, using
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\f5typedef\fP.
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.SH
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7 Expressions
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.PP
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The order of evaluation of expressions depends on the complexity of the
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subexpressions.
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In case of commutative operations, the most complex subexpression is
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evaluated first.
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Parameter lists are evaluated from right to left.
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.SH
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7.2 Unary operators
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.PP
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The type of a \f5sizeof\fP expression is \f5unsigned int\fP.
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.SH
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7.13 Conditional operator
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.PP
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Both the second and the third expression in a conditional expression may
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include assignment operators.
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They may be structs or unions.
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.SH
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7.14 Assignment operators
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.PP
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Structures may be assigned, passed as arguments to functions, and returned
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by functions.
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The types of operands taking part must be the same.
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.SH
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8.2 Type specifiers
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.PP
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The combinations \f5unsigned char\fP, \f5unsigned short\fP
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and \f5unsigned long\fP are implemented.
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.SH
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8.5 Structure and union declarations
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.PP
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Fields of any integral type, either signed or unsigned,
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are supported, as long as the type fits in a word on the target machine.
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.PP
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Fields are left adjusted by default; the first field is put into the left
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part of a word, the next one on the right side of the first one, etc.
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The \f5-Vr\fP option in the call of the compiler
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causes fields to be right adjusted within a machine word.
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.PP
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The tags of structs and unions occupy a different name space from that of
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variables and that of member names.
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.SH
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9.7 Switch statement
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.PP
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The type of \fIexpression\fP in
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.DS
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.ft 5
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\f5switch (\fP\fIexpression\fP\f5)\fP \fIstatement\fP
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.ft
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.DE
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must be integral.
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A warning is given under the restricted option if the type is \f5long\fP.
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.SH
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10 External definitions
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.PP
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See [4] for a discussion on this complicated issue.
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.SH
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10.1 External function definitions
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.PP
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Structures may be passed as arguments to functions, and returned
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by functions.
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.SH
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11.1 Lexical scope
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.PP
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Typedef names may be redeclared like any other variable name; the ice mentioned
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in \(sc11.1 is walked correctly.
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.SH
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12 Compiler control lines
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.PP
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Lines which do not occur within comment, and with \f5#\fP as first
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character, are interpreted as compiler control line.
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There may be an arbitrary number of spaces, tabs and comments (collectively
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referred as \fIwhite space\fP) following the \f5#\fP.
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Comments may contain newline characters.
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Control lines with only white space between the \f5#\fP and the line separator
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are skipped.
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.PP
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The #\f5include\fP, #\f5ifdef\fP, #\f5ifndef\fP, #\f5undef\fP, #\f5else\fP and
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#\f5endif\fP control lines and line directives consist of a fixed number of
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arguments.
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The list of arguments may be followed an arbitrary sequence of characters,
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in which comment is interpreted as such.
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(I.e., the text between \f5/*\fP and \f5*/\fP is skipped, regardless of
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newlines; note that commented-out lines beginning with \f5#\fP are not
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considered to be control lines.)
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.SH
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12.1 Token replacement
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.PP
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The replacement text of macros is taken to be a string of characters, in which
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an identifier may stand for a formal parameter, and in which comment is
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interpreted as such.
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Comments and newline characters, preceeded by a backslash, in the replacement
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text are replaced by a space character.
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.PP
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The actual parameters of a macro are considered tokens and are
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balanced with regard to \f5()\fP, \f5{}\fP and \f5[]\fP.
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This prevents the use of macros like
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.DS
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.ft 5
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CTL([)
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.ft
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.DE
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.PP
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Formal parameters of a macro must have unique names within the formal-parameter
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list of that macro.
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.PP
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A message is given at the definition of a macro if the macro has
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already been #\f5defined\fP, while the number of formal parameters differ or
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the replacement texts are not equal (apart from leading and trailing
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white space).
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.PP
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Recursive use of macros is detected by the compiler.
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.PP
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Standard #\f5defined\fP macros are
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.DS
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\f5__FILE__\fP name of current input file as string constant
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\f5__DATE__\fP curent date as string constant; e.g. \f5"Tue Wed 2 14:45:23 1986"\fP
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\f5__LINE__\fP current line number as an integer
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.DE
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.PP
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No message is given if \fIidentifier\fP is not known in
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.DS
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.ft 5
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#undef \fIidentifier\fP
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.ft
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.DE
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.SH
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12.2 File inclusion
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.PP
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A newline character is appended to each file which is included.
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.SH
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12.3 Conditional compilation
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.PP
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The #\f5if\fP, #\f5ifdef\fP and #\f5ifndef\fP control lines may be followed
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by an arbitrary number of
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.DS
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.ft 5
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#elif \fIconstant-expression\fP
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.ft
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.DE
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control lines, before the corresponding #\f5else\fP or #\f5endif\fP
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is encountered.
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The construct
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.DS
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.ft 5
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#elif \fIconstant-expression\fP
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some text
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#endif /* corresponding to #elif */
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.ft
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.DE
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is equivalent to
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.DS
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.ft 5
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#else
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#if \fIconstant-expression\fP
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some text
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#endif /* corresponding to #if */
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#endif /* corresponding to #else */
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.ft
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.DE
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.PP
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The \fIconstant-expression\fP in #\f5if\fP and #\f5elif\fP control lines
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may contain the construction
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.DS
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.ft 5
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defined(\fIidentifier\fP)
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.ft
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.DE
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which is replaced by \f51\fP, if \fIidentifier\fP has been #\f5defined\fP,
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and by \f50\fP, if not.
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.PP
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Comments in skipped lines are interpreted as such.
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.SH
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12.4 Line control
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.PP
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Line directives may occur in the following forms:
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.DS
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.ft 5
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#line \fIconstant\fP
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#line \fIconstant\fP "\fIfilename\fP"
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#\fIconstant\fP
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#\fIconstant\fP "\fIfilename\fP"
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.ft
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.DE
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Note that \fIfilename\fP is enclosed in double quotes.
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.SH
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14.2 Functions
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.PP
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If a pointer to a function is called, the function the pointer points to
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is called instead.
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.SH
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15 Constant expressions
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.PP
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The compiler distinguishes the following types of integral constant expressions
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.IP \(bu
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field-width specifier
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.IP \(bu
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case-entry specifier
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.IP \(bu
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array-size specifier
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.IP \(bu
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global variable initialization value
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.IP \(bu
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enum-value specifier
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.IP \(bu
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truth value in \f5#if\fP control line
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.LP
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.PP
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Constant integral expressions are compile-time evaluated while an effort
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is made to report overflow.
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Constant floating expressions are not compile-time evaluated.
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.NH
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Compiler flags
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.IP \fB\-C\fR
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Run the preprocessor stand-alone while maintaining the comments.
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Line directives are produced whenever needed.
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.IP \fB\-D\fP\fIname\fP=\fIstring-of-characters\fP
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.br
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Define \fIname\fR as macro with \fIstring-of-characters\fR as
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replacement text.
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.IP \fB\-D\fP\fIname\fP
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.br
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Equal to \fB\-D\fP\fIname\fP\fB=1\fP.
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.IP \fB\-E\fP
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Run the preprocessor stand alone, i.e.,
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list the sequence of input tokens and delete any comments.
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Line directives are produced whenever needed.
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.IP \fB\-I\fIpath\fR
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.br
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Prepend \fIpath\fR to the list of include directories.
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To put the directories "include", "sys/h" and "util/h" into the
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include directory list in that order, the user has to specify
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.DS
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.ft 5
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-Iinclude -Isys/h -Iutil/h
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.ft R
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.DE
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An empty \fIpath\fP causes the standard include
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directory (usually \f5/usr/include\fP) to be forgotten.
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.IP \fB\-M\fP\fIn\fP
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.br
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Set maximum significant identifier length to \fIn\fP.
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.IP \fB\-n\fP
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Suppress EM register messages.
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The user-declared variables are not stored into registers on the target
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machine.
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.IP \fB\-p\fP
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Generate the EM \fBfil\fP and \fBlin\fP instructions in order to enable
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an interpreter to keep track of the current location in the source code.
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.IP \fB\-P\fP
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Equivalent with \fB\-E\fP, but without line directives.
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.IP \fB\-R\fP
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Interpret the input as restricted C (according to the language as
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described in [1]).
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.IP \fB\-T\fP\fIpath\fP
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.br
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Create temporary files, if necessary, in directory \fIpath\fP.
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.IP \fB\-U\fP\fIname\fP
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.br
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Get rid of the compiler-predefined macro \fIname\fP, i.e.,
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consider
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.DS
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.ft 5
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#undef \fIname\fP
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.ft R
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.DE
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to appear in the beginning of the file.
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.IP \fB\-V\fIcm\fR.\fIn\fR,\ \fB\-V\fIcm\fR.\fIncm\fR.\fIn\fR\ ...
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.br
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Set the size and alignment requirements.
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The letter \fIc\fR indicates the simple type, which is one of
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\fBs\fR(short), \fBi\fR(int), \fBl\fR(long), \fBf\fR(float), \fBd\fR(double)
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or \fBp\fR(pointer).
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If \fIc\fR is \fBS\fP or \fBU\fP, then \fIn\fP is taken to be the initial
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alignment of structs or unions, respectively.
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The effective alignment of a struct or union is the least common multiple
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of the initial struct/union alignment and the alignments of its members.
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The \fIm\fR parameter can be used to specify the length of the type (in bytes)
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and the \fIn\fR parameter for the alignment of that type.
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Absence of \fIm\fR or \fIn\fR causes the default value to be retained.
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To specify that the bitfields should be right adjusted instead of the
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default left adjustment, specify \fBr\fR as \fIc\fR parameter.
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.IP \fB\-w\fR
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Suppress warning messages
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.IP \fB\-\-\fIcharacter\fR
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.br
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Set debug-flag \fIcharacter\fP.
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This enables some special features offered by a debug and develop version of
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the compiler.
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Some particular flags may be recognized, others may have surprising effects.
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.RS
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.IP \fBd\fP
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Generate a dependency graph, reflecting the calling structure of functions.
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Lines of the form
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.DS
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.ft 5
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DFA: \fIcalling-function\fP: \fIcalled-function\fP
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.ft
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.DE
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are generated whenever a function call is encountered.
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.IP \fBf\fP
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Dump whole identifier table, including macros and reserved words.
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.IP \fBh\fP
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Supply hash-table statistics.
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.IP \fBi\fP
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Print names of included files.
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.IP \fBm\fP
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Supply statistics concerning the memory allocation.
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.IP \fBt\fP
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Dump table of identifiers.
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.IP \fBu\fP
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Generate extra statistics concerning the predefined types and identifiers.
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Works in combination with \fBf\fP or \fBt\fP.
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.IP \fBx\fP
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Print expression trees in human-readable format.
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.RE
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.LP
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.SH
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References
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.IP [1]
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Brian W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie,
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.I
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The C Programming Language
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.R
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.IP [2]
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L. Rosler,
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.I
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Draft Proposed Standard - Programming Language C,
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.R
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ANSI X3J11 Language Subcommittee
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.IP [3]
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Erik H. Baalbergen, Dick Grune, Maarten Waage,
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.I
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The CEM Compiler,
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.R
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Informatica Manual IM-4, Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science, Vrije
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Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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.IP [4]
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Erik H. Baalbergen,
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.I
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Modeling global declarations in C,
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.R
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internal paper
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.LP
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.bp
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.SH
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Appendix A - Enumeration Type
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.PP
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The syntax is
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.sp
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.RS
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.I enum-specifier :
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.RS
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\&\f5enum\fP { \fIenum-list\fP }
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.br
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\&\f5enum\fP \fIidentifier\fP { \fIenum-list\fP }
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.br
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\&\f5enum\fP \fIidentifier\fP
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.RE
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.sp
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\&\fIenum-list\fP :
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.RS
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\&\fIenumerator\fP
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.br
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\&\fIenum-list\fP , \fIenumerator\fP
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.RE
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.sp
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\&\fIenumerator\fP :
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.RS
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\&\fIidentifier\fP
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.br
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\&\fIidentifier\fP = \fIconstant-expression\fP
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.RE
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.sp
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.RE
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The identifier has the same role as the structure tag in a struct specification.
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It names a particular enumeration type.
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.PP
|
|
The identifiers in the enum-list are declared as constants, and may appear
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whenever constants are required.
|
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If no enumerators with
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.B =
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appear, then the values of the constants begin at 0 and increase by 1 as the
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declaration is read from left to right.
|
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An enumerator with
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.B =
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gives the associated identifier the value indicated; subsequent identifiers
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continue the progression from the assigned value.
|
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.PP
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Enumeration tags and constants must all be distinct, and, unlike structure
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tags and members, are drawn from the same set as ordinary identifiers.
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.PP
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Objects of a given enumeration type are regarded as having a type distinct
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from objects of all other types.
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.bp
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.SH
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Appendix B: C grammar in LL(1) form
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.PP
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The \fBbold-faced\fP and \fIitalicized\fP tokens represent terminal symbols.
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.vs 16
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.nf
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\fBexternal definitions\fP
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program: external-definition*
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external-definition: ext-decl-specifiers [declarator [function | non-function] | '\fB;\fP'] | asm-statement
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ext-decl-specifiers: decl-specifiers?
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|
non-function: initializer? ['\fB,\fP' init-declarator]* '\fB;\fP'
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function: declaration* compound-statement
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|
.sp 1
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\fBdeclarations\fP
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declaration: decl-specifiers init-declarator-list? '\fB;\fP'
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decl-specifiers: other-specifier+ [single-type-specifier other-specifier*]? | single-type-specifier other-specifier*
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|
other-specifier: \fBauto\fP | \fBstatic\fP | \fBextern\fP | \fBtypedef\fP | \fBregister\fP | \fBshort\fP | \fBlong\fP | \fBunsigned\fP
|
|
type-specifier: decl-specifiers
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|
single-type-specifier: \fItype-identifier\fP | struct-or-union-specifier | enum-specifier
|
|
init-declarator-list: init-declarator ['\fB,\fP' init-declarator]*
|
|
init-declarator: declarator initializer?
|
|
declarator: primary-declarator ['\fB(\fP' formal-list ? '\fB)\fP' | arrayer]* | '\fB*\fP' declarator
|
|
primary-declarator: identifier | '\fB(\fP' declarator '\fB)\fP'
|
|
arrayer: '\fB[\fP' constant-expression? '\fB]\fP'
|
|
formal-list: formal ['\fB,\fP' formal]*
|
|
formal: identifier
|
|
enum-specifier: \fBenum\fP [enumerator-pack | identifier enumerator-pack?]
|
|
enumerator-pack: '\fB{\fP' enumerator ['\fB,\fP' enumerator]* '\fB,\fP'? '\fB}\fP'
|
|
enumerator: identifier ['\fB=\fP' constant-expression]?
|
|
struct-or-union-specifier: [ \fBstruct\fP | \fBunion\fP] [ struct-declaration-pack | identifier struct-declaration-pack?]
|
|
struct-declaration-pack: '\fB{\fP' struct-declaration+ '\fB}\fP'
|
|
struct-declaration: type-specifier struct-declarator-list '\fB;\fP'?
|
|
struct-declarator-list: struct-declarator ['\fB,\fP' struct-declarator]*
|
|
struct-declarator: declarator bit-expression? | bit-expression
|
|
bit-expression: '\fB:\fP' constant-expression
|
|
initializer: '\fB=\fP'? initial-value
|
|
cast: '\fB(\fP' type-specifier abstract-declarator '\fB)\fP'
|
|
abstract-declarator: primary-abstract-declarator ['\fB(\fP' '\fB)\fP' | arrayer]* | '\fB*\fP' abstract-declarator
|
|
primary-abstract-declarator: ['\fB(\fP' abstract-declarator '\fB)\fP']?
|
|
.sp 1
|
|
\fBstatements\fP
|
|
statement:
|
|
expression-statement
|
|
| label '\fB:\fP' statement
|
|
| compound-statement
|
|
| if-statement
|
|
| while-statement
|
|
| do-statement
|
|
| for-statement
|
|
| switch-statement
|
|
| case-statement
|
|
| default-statement
|
|
| break-statement
|
|
| continue-statement
|
|
| return-statement
|
|
| jump
|
|
| '\fB;\fP'
|
|
| asm-statement
|
|
;
|
|
expression-statement: expression '\fB;\fP'
|
|
label: identifier
|
|
if-statement: \fBif\fP '\fB(\fP' expression '\fB)\fP' statement [\fBelse\fP statement]?
|
|
while-statement: \fBwhile\fP '\fB(\fP' expression '\fB)\fP' statement
|
|
do-statement: \fBdo\fP statement \fBwhile\fP '\fB(\fP' expression '\fB)\fP' '\fB;\fP'
|
|
for-statement: \fBfor\fP '\fB(\fP' expression? '\fB;\fP' expression? '\fB;\fP' expression? '\fB)\fP' statement
|
|
switch-statement: \fBswitch\fP '\fB(\fP' expression '\fB)\fP' statement
|
|
case-statement: \fBcase\fP constant-expression '\fB:\fP' statement
|
|
default-statement: \fBdefault\fP '\fB:\fP' statement
|
|
break-statement: \fBbreak\fP '\fB;\fP'
|
|
continue-statement: \fBcontinue\fP '\fB;\fP'
|
|
return-statement: \fBreturn\fP expression? '\fB;\fP'
|
|
jump: \fBgoto\fP identifier '\fB;\fP'
|
|
compound-statement: '\fB{\fP' declaration* statement* '\fB}\fP'
|
|
asm-statement: \fBasm\fP '\fB(\fP' \fIstring\fP '\fB)\fP' '\fB;\fP'
|
|
.sp 1
|
|
\fBexpressions\fP
|
|
initial-value: assignment-expression | initial-value-pack
|
|
initial-value-pack: '\fB{\fP' initial-value-list '\fB}\fP'
|
|
initial-value-list: initial-value ['\fB,\fP' initial-value]* '\fB,\fP'?
|
|
primary: \fIidentifier\fP | constant | \fIstring\fP | '\fB(\fP' expression '\fB)\fP'
|
|
secundary: primary [index-pack | parameter-pack | selection]*
|
|
index-pack: '\fB[\fP' expression '\fB]\fP'
|
|
parameter-pack: '\fB(\fP' parameter-list? '\fB)\fP'
|
|
selection: ['\fB.\fP' | '\fB\->\fP'] identifier
|
|
parameter-list: assignment-expression ['\fB,\fP' assignment-expression]*
|
|
postfixed: secundary postop?
|
|
unary: cast unary | postfixed | unop unary | size-of
|
|
size-of: \fBsizeof\fP [cast | unary]
|
|
binary-expression: unary [binop binary-expression]*
|
|
conditional-expression: binary-expression ['\fB?\fP' expression '\fB:\fP' assignment-expression]?
|
|
assignment-expression: conditional-expression [asgnop assignment-expression]?
|
|
expression: assignment-expression ['\fB,\fP' assignment-expression]*
|
|
unop: '\fB*\fP' | '\fB&\fP' | '\fB\-\fP' | '\fB!\fP' | '\fB~ \fP' | '\fB++\fP' | '\fB\-\-\fP'
|
|
postop: '\fB++\fP' | '\fB\-\-\fP'
|
|
multop: '\fB*\fP' | '\fB/\fP' | '\fB%\fP'
|
|
addop: '\fB+\fP' | '\fB\-\fP'
|
|
shiftop: '\fB<<\fP' | '\fB>>\fP'
|
|
relop: '\fB<\fP' | '\fB>\fP' | '\fB<=\fP' | '\fB>=\fP'
|
|
eqop: '\fB==\fP' | '\fB!=\fP'
|
|
arithop: multop | addop | shiftop | '\fB&\fP' | '\fB^ \fP' | '\fB|\fP'
|
|
binop: arithop | relop | eqop | '\fB&&\fP' | '\fB||\fP'
|
|
asgnop: '\fB=\fP' | '\fB+\fP' '\fB=\fP' | '\fB\-\fP' '\fB=\fP' | '\fB*\fP' '\fB=\fP' | '\fB/\fP' '\fB=\fP' | '\fB%\fP' '\fB=\fP'
|
|
| '\fB<<\fP' '\fB=\fP' | '\fB>>\fP' '\fB=\fP' | '\fB&\fP' '\fB=\fP' | '\fB^ \fP' '\fB=\fP' | '\fB|\fP' '\fB=\fP'
|
|
| '\fB+=\fP' | '\fB\-=\fP' | '\fB*=\fP' | '\fB/=\fP' | '\fB%=\fP'
|
|
| '\fB<<=\fP' | '\fB>>=\fP' | '\fB&=\fP' | '\fB^=\fP' | '\fB|=\fP'
|
|
constant: \fIinteger\fP | \fIfloating\fP
|
|
constant-expression: assignment-expression
|
|
identifier: \fIidentifier\fP | \fItype-identifier\fP
|
|
.fi
|