ack/man/pc_prlib.7

.\" $Header$
.TH PC_PRLIB VII
.ad
.SH NAME
pc_prlib \- library of Pascal runtime routines
.SH SYNOPSIS
.ta 11n
type    alpha=packed array[1..8] of char;
.br
        pstring= ^packed array[] of char;

function        _abi(i:integer):integer;
.br
function        _abl(i:long):long;
.br
function        _mdi(j,i:integer):integer;
.br
function        _mdl(j,i:long):long;
.br
function        _abr(r:real):real;
.br
function        _sin(r:real):real;
.br
function        _cos(r:real):real;
.br
function        _atn(r:real):real;
.br
function        _exp(r:real):real;
.br
function        _log(r:real):real;
.br
function        _sqt(r:real):real;
.br
function        _rnd(r:real):real;

type    compared=-1..1;
.br
        gotoinfo=record
.br
            pcoffset:^procedure; { procedure id. without static link }
.br
            nlocals: integer;
.br
        end;

function        _bcp(sz:integer; s2,s1:pstring):compared;
.br
function        _bts(size,high,low:integer; base:^set 0..(8*size-1))
                        :set of 0..(8*size-1);
.br
procedure       _gto(lb:^integer; p:^gotoinfo);

procedure       _new(size:integer; var p:^integer);
.br
procedure       _dis(size:integer; var p:^integer);
.br
procedure       _sav(var p:^integer);
.br
procedure       _rst(var p:^integer);

type    arrdescr=record
.br
            lowbnd:  integer;
.br
            diffbnds:integer;
.br
            elsize:  integer;
.br
        end;
.br
        arr1=array[] of ?;
.br
        arr2=packed array[] of ?;

procedure       _pac(var ad,zd:arrdescr; var zp:arr2; i:integer;
.br
                      var ap:arr1);
.br
procedure       _unp(var ad,zd:arrdescr; i:integer; var ap:arr1;
.br
                      var zp:arr2;);
.br
function        _asz(var dp:arrdescr):integer;

procedure       _ass(line:integer; b:boolean);
.br
procedure       procentry(var name:alpha);
.br
procedure       procexit(var name:alpha);

const   lowbyte=[0..7];
.br
        MAGIC  =[1,3,5,7];
.br
        WINDOW =[11];
.br
        ELNBIT =[12];
.br
        EOFBIT =[13];
.br
        TXTBIT =[14];
.br
        WRBIT  =[15];
.br
type    file=record
.br
            ptr:     ^char;
.br
            flags:   set of [0..15];
.br
            fname:   string;
.br
            ufd:     0..15;
.br
            size:    integer;
.br
            count:   0..buflen;
.br
            buflen:  max(512,size) div size * size;
.br
            bufadr:  packed array[1..max(512,size)]
.br
                             of char;
.br
        end;
.br
        filep=^file;
.br
const   NFILES=15;
.br
        _extfl:^array[] of filep;

procedure       _ini(var args:integer; var hb:integer;
                            var p:array[] of filep; var mainlb:integer);
.br
procedure       _hlt(status:0..255);

procedure       _opn(size:integer; f:filep);
.br
procedure       _cre(size:integer; f:filep);
.br
procedure       _cls(f:filep);

procedure       _get(f:filep);
.br
procedure       _put(f:filep);
.br
function        _wdw(f:filep):^char;
.br
function        _efl(f:filep):boolean;

function        _eln(f:filep):boolean;
.br
function        _rdc(f:filep):char;
.br
function        _rdi(f:filep):integer;
.br
function        _rdl(f:filep):long;
.br
function        _rdr(f:filep):real;
.br
procedure       _rln(f:filep);
.br
procedure       _wrc(c:char; f:filep);
.br
procedure       _wsc(w:integer; c:char; f:filep);
.br
procedure       _wri(i:integer; f:filep);
.br
procedure       _wsi(w:integer; i:integer; f:filep);
.br
procedure       _wrl(l:long; f:filep);
.br
procedure       _wsl(w:integer; l:long; f:filep);
.br
procedure       _wrr(r:real; f:filep);
.br
procedure       _wsr(w:integer; r:real; f:filep);
.br
procedure       _wrf(ndigit:integer; w:integer; r:real; f:filep);
.br
procedure       _wrs(l:integer; s:pstring; f:filep);
.br
procedure       _wss(w:integer; l:integer; s:pstring; f:filep);
.br
procedure       _wrb(b:boolean; f:filep);
.br
procedure       _wsb(w:integer; b:boolean; f:filep);
.br
procedure       _wrz(s:string; f:filep);
.br
procedure       _wsz(w:integer; s:string; f:filep);
.br
procedure       _wln(f:filep);
.br
procedure       _pag(f:filep);
.SH DESCRIPTION
This library is used by the Pascal to EM compiler and
contains all the runtime routines for standard Pascal programs.
Most routines are written in C, a few in EM assembly language.
These routines can be divided into several categories.
A description of each category with its routines follows.
.PP
Arithmetic routines:
.RS
.IP _abi
Compute the absolute value of an integer.
.PD 0
.IP _abl
Compute the absolute value of a long.
.IP _mdi
Perform the Pascal modulo operation on integers.
.IP _mdl
Perform the Pascal modulo operation on longs.
.IP _abr
Compute the absolute value of a real.
.IP _sin
Compute the sine of a real.
.IP _cos
Compute the cosine of a real.
.IP _atn
Compute the arc tangent of a real.
.IP _exp
Compute the e-power of a real.
.IP _log
Compute the natural logarithm of a real.
.IP _sqt
Compute the square root of a real.
.IP _rnd
Return a real that when truncated will
result in the nearest integer (-3.5->-4).
.PD
.PP
.RE
Miscellaneous routines:
.RS
.IP _bcp
Compare two strings. Use dictionary ordering with the ASCII
character set. The EM instruction CMU can not be used, because it needs
an even number of bytes.
.PD 0
.IP _bts
Include a range of elements from low to high in a set of size bytes
at address base.(size can be divided by the wordsize)
.IP _gto
Execute a non-local goto. Lb points to the
local base of the target procedure.
A lb of zero indicates a jump to the program body, the lb of the main
program is found in _m_lb, which is set by _ini.
The new EM stack pointer is calculated by adding the number of locals
to the new local base
(jumping into statements is not allowed; there are no local generators
in Pascal!).
.PD
.PP
.RE
Heap management:
.RS
.PP
There is one way to allocate new heap space (_new), but two different
incompatible ways to deallocate it.
.PP
The most general one is by using dispose (_dis).
A circular list of free blocks, ordered from low to high addresses, is maintained.
Merging free blocks is done when a new block enters the free list.
When a new block is requested (_new), the free list is searched using a
first fit algorithm.
Two global variables are needed:
.IP _highp 10
Points to the free block with the highest address.
.PD 0
.IP _lastp
Points to the most recently entered free block or to a block
in the neighborhood of the most recently allocated block.
.PD
The free list is empty, when one of these pointers (but then at the same
time both) is zero.
.PP
The second way to deallocate heap space is by using
mark (_sav) and release (_rst). Mark saves the current value of the
heap pointer HP in the program variable passed as a parameter.
By calling release with this old HP value as its argument, the old HP value
is restored, effectively deallocating all blocks requested between
the calls to mark and release.
The heap is used as second stack in this case.
.PP
It will be clear that these two ways of deallocating heap space
can not be used together.
To be able to maintain the free list, all blocks must be a multiple
of n bytes long, with a minimum of n bytes,
where n is the sum of the size of a word and a pointer in the
EM implementation used.
.PP
In summary:
.IP _new
Allocate heap space.
.PD 0
.IP _dis
Deallocate heap space.
.IP _sav
Save the current value of HP.
.IP _rst
Restore an old value of HP.
.PD
.PP
.RE
Array operations:
.RS
.PP
The only useful form of packing implemented, is packing bytes into words.
All other forms of packing and unpacking result in a plain copy.
.IP _pac
Pack an unpacked array \fIa\fP into a packed array \fIz\fP.
\fIap\fP and \fIzp\fP
are pointers to \fIa\fP and \fIz\fP. \fIad\fP and \fIzd\fP
are pointers to the descriptors of \fIa\fP and \fIz\fP. \fIi\fP is
the index in \fIa\fP of the first element to be packed.
Pack until \fIz\fP is full.
.PD 0
.IP _unp
Unpack \fIz\fP into \fIa\fP.
\fIap\fP, \fIzp\fP, \fIad\fP and \fIzd\fP are as for _pac. \fIi\fP is
the index in \fIa\fP where the first element of \fIz\fP is copied into.
Unpack all elements of \fIz\fP.
.IP _asz
Compute array size. Used for copying conformant arrays.
.PD
.PP
.RE
Debugging facilities:
.RS
The compiler allows you to verify assertions.
It generates a call to the routine _ass to check the assertion at runtime.
Another feature of the compiler is that it enables you to trace the
procedure calling sequence. If the correct option is turned on, then
a call to the procedure \fIprocentry\fP is generated at the start of each
compiled procedure or function. Likewise, the routine \fIprocexit\fP is called
just before a procedure or function exits.
Default procedure \fIprocentry\fP
and \fIprocexit\fP are available in this library.
.IP _ass 10
If \fIb\fP is zero, then change eb[0] to \fIline\fP
(to give an error message with source line number) and call the error routine.
.PD 0
.IP procentry
Print the name of the called procedure with up to seven argument words
in decimal on standard output. Output must be declared in the program heading.
.IP procexit
Print the name of the procedure that is about to exit.
Same remarks as for procentry.
.PD
.PP
.RE
Files:
.RS
.PP
Most of the runtime routines are needed for file handling.
For each file in your Pascal program a record of type file, as described
above, is allocated, static if your file is declared in the outermost block,
dynamic if it is declared in inner blocks.
The fields in the file record are used for:
.IP bufadr 10
IO is buffered except for standard input and output if
terminals are involved. The size of the buffer is the maximum of 512
and the file element size.
.PD 0
.IP buflen
The effective buffer length is the maximum number of file elements
fitting in the buffer, multiplied by the element size.
.IP size
The file element size (1 or even).
.IP flags
Some flag bits are stored in the high byte and a magic pattern
in the low byte provides detection of destroyed file
information.
.IP ptr
Points to the file window inside the buffer.
.IP count
The number of bytes (the window inclusive) left in the buffer
to be read or the number of free bytes (the window inclusive) for output files.
.IP ufd
The UNIX file descriptor for the file.
.IP fname
Points to the name of the file (INPUT for standard input,
OUTPUT for standard output and LOCAL for local files).
This field is used for generating error messages.
.PD
.PP
The constants used by the file handling routines are:
.IP WINDOW 10
Bit in flags set if the window of an input file is initialized.
Used to resolve the famous interactive input problem.
.PD 0
.IP EOFBIT
Bit in flags set if end of file seen
.IP ELNBIT
Bit in flags set if linefeed seen
.IP TXTBIT
Bit in flags set for text files. Process linefeeds.
.IP WRBIT
Bit in flags set for output files
.IP MAGIC
Pattern for the low byte of flags
.IP NFILES
The maximum number of open files in UNIX
.PD
.PP
.RE
Prelude and postlude:
.RS
.PP
These routines are called once for each Pascal program:
.IP _ini
When a file mentioned in the program heading is opened by reset or
rewrite, its file pointer must be mapped onto one of the program
arguments.
The compiler knows how to map and therefore builds a table with
a pointer to the file structure for each program argument.
One of the first actions of the Pascal program is to call this procedure
with this table as an argument.
The global variable _extfl is used to save the address of this table.
Another task of _ini is to initialize the standard input and output files.
For standard output it must decide whether to buffer or not.
If standard output is a terminal, then buffering is off by setting
buflen to 1.
Two other task of _ini are the copying of two pointers from
the argument list to global memory, mainlb to _m_lb and hb to _hbase.
The first contains the local base of the program body, the second
contains the address of the hol containing the global variables
of the program.
A last task of _ini is to set the global variables _argc, _argv  and _environ
from args for
possible reference later on.
Args points to the argument count placed on the stack by the EM runtime system,
see chapter 8 in [1].
.PD 0
.IP _hlt
If the program is about to finish, the buffered files must be flushed.
That is done by this procedure.
.PD
.PP
.RE
Opening and closing:
.RS
.PP
Files in Pascal are opened for reading by reset and opened for writing by
rewrite.
Files to be rewritten may or may not exist already.
Files not mentioned in the program heading are considered local files.
The next steps must be done for reset and rewrite:
.IP 1.
If size is zero, then a text file must be opened with elements of
size 1.
.PD 0
.IP 2.
Find out if this file is mentioned in the program heading
(scan table pointed to by _extfl).
If not, then it is a local file and goto 7.
.IP 3.
If the file is standard input or output then return.
.IP 4.
If there are not enough arguments supplied, generate an error.
.IP 5.
If the file was already open, flush the buffer if necessary and close it.
Note that reset may be used to force the buffer to be flushed.
This is sometimes helpful against program or system crashes.
.IP 6.
If it is a reset, open the file, otherwise create it.
In both cases goto 9.
.IP 7.
If the local file is to be written, then close it if it was open and
create a new nameless file. First try to create it in /usr/tmp, then in /tmp
and if both fail then try the current directory.
See to it that the file is open for both reading and writing.
.IP 8.
If the local file is to be read
and the file is opened already, then
flush the buffer and seek to the beginning.
Otherwise open a temporary file as described in 7.
.IP 9.
Initialize all the file record fields.
.PD
.PP
The necessary procedures are:
.IP _opn
Reset a file
.PD 0
.IP _cre
Rewrite a file
.IP _cls
Close a file. Closing of files is done for local files when the procedure
in which they are declared exits.
The compiler only closes local files if they are not part of a structured type.
Files allocated in the heap are not closed when they are deallocated.
There is an external routine \fIpclose\fP in libP(VII), that may be called
explicitly to do the closing in these cases.
Closing may be necessary to flush buffers or to keep the number of
simultaneously opened files below NFILES.
Files declared in the outermost block are automatically closed when the
program terminates.
.PD
.PP
.RE
General file IO:
.RS
.PP
These routines are provided for general file IO:
.IP _put
Append the file element in the window to the file and advance the
window.
.IP _get
Advance the file window so that it points to the next element
of the file.
For text files (TXTBIT on) the ELNBIT in flags is set if the new character
in the window is a line feed (ASCII 10) and the character is then changed
into a space.
Otherwise the ELNBIT is cleared.
.IP _wdw
Return the current pointer to the file window.
.IP _eof
Test if you reached end of file.
Is always true for output files.
.PD
.PP
.RE
Textfile routines:
.RS
.PP
The rest of the routines all handle text files.
.IP _eln
Return true if the next character on an input file is an end-of-line marker.
An error occurs if eof(f) is true.
.PD 0
.IP _rdc
Return the character currently in the window and advance the window.
.IP _rdi
Build an integer from the next couple of characters on the file,
starting with the character in the window.
The integer may be preceded by spaces (and line feeds), tabs and a sign.
There must be at least one digit.
The first non-digit signals the end of the integer.
.IP _rdl
Like _rdi, but for longs.
.IP _rdr
Like _rdi, but for reals. Syntax is as required for Pascal.
.IP _rln
Skips the current line and clears the WINDOW flag, so that the
next routine requiring an initialized window knows that it has to
fetch the next character first.
.IP _wrc
Write a character, not preceeded by spaces.
.IP _wsc
Write a character, left padded with spaces up to a field width
of \fIw\fP.
.IP _wri
Write an integer, left padded with spaces up to a field width
of 6.
.IP _wsi
Write an integer, left padded with spaces up to a field width
of \fIw\fP.
.IP _wrl
Write a long, left padded with spaces up to a field width
of 11.
.IP _wsl
Write a long, left padded with spaces up to a field width
of \fIw\fP.
.IP _wrr
Write a real in scientific format,
left padded with spaces up to a field width of 13.
.IP _wsr
Write a real in scientific format,
left padded with spaces up to a field width of \fIw\fP.
.IP _wrf
Write a real in fixed point format, with exactly \fIndigit\fP digits
behind the decimal point, the last one rounded; it is left padded up to
a field width of \fIw\fP.
.IP _wrs
Write a string of length \fIl\fP, without additional spaces.
.IP _wss
Write a string of length \fIl\fP, left padded up to a field
width of \fIw\fP.
.IP _wrb
Write a boolean, represented by "true" or "false", left padded
up to a field width of 5.
.IP _wsb
Write a boolean, represented by "true" or "false", left padded
up to a field width of \fIw\fP.
.IP _wrz
Write a C-type string up to the zero-byte.
.IP _wsz
Write a C-type string, left padded up to a field width of w.
.IP _wln
Write a line feed (ASCII 10).
.IP _pag
Write a form feed (ASCII 12).
.PD
.PP
.RE
All the routines to which calls are generated by the compiler are described above.
They use the following global defined routines to do some of the work:
.IP _rf 10
Check input files for MAGIC and WRBIT.
Initialize the window if WINDOW is cleared.
.PD 0
.IP _wf
Check output files for MAGIC and WRBIT.
.IP _incpt
Advance the file window and read a new buffer if necessary.
.IP _outcpt
Write out the current buffer if necessary and advance the window.
.IP _flush
Flush the buffer if it is an output file.
Append an extra line marker if EOLBIT is off.
.IP _wstrin
All output routines make up a string in a local buffer.
They call _wstrin to output this buffer and to do the left padding.
.IP _skipsp
Skip spaces (and line feeds) on input files.
.IP _getsig
Read '+' or '-' if present.
.IP _fstdig
See to it that the next character is a digit. Otherwise error.
.IP _nxtdig
Check if the next character is a digit.
.IP _getint
Do the work for _rdi.
.IP _ecvt
Convert real into string of digits for printout in scientific notation.
.IP _fcvt
Convert real into string of digits for fixed point printout
.IP -fif
Split real into integer and fraction part
.IP _fef
Split real into exponent and fraction part
.PD
.PP
The following global variables are used:
.IP _lastp 10
For heap management (see above).
.PD 0
.IP _highp
For heap management (see above).
.IP _extfl
Used to save the argument p of _ini for later reference.
.IP _hbase
Used to save the argument hb of _ini for later reference.
.IP _m_lb
Used to store the local base of the main program.
.IP _curfil
Save the current file pointer, so that the
error message can access the file name.
.IP "_pargc, _pargv, _penvp"
Used to access the arguments of the main program.
.PD
.SH FILES
.IP /usr/em/lib/mach/*/lib/tail_pc 20
The library used by ack[5] to link programs.
.IP /usr/em/etc/pc_rterrors
The error messages
.PD
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IP [1]
A.S. Tanenbaum, Ed Keizer, Hans van Staveren & J.W. Stevenson
"Description of a machine architecture for use of
block structured languages" Informatica rapport IR-81.
.PD 0
.IP [2]
K.Jensen & N.Wirth
"PASCAL, User Manual and Report" Springer-Verlag.
.IP [3]
An improved version of the ISO standard proposal for the language Pascal
ISO/TC97/SC5-N462, received November 1979.
.IP [4]
Ed Keizer, "The Amsterdam Compiler Kit reference manual".
.br
(try \fInroff /usr/emi/doc/pcref.doc\fP).
.IP [5]
ack(I), pc_pem(VI)
.PD
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
All errors discovered by this runtime system cause an EM TRP instruction
to be executed. This TRP instruction expects the error number on top
of the stack. See [1] for a more extensive treatment of the subject.
.PP
EM allows the user to specify a trap handling routine, called whenever
an EM machine trap or a language or user defined trap occurs.
One of the first actions in _ini is to specify that the routine _fatal,
available in this library, will handle traps.
This routine is called with an error code (0..252) as argument.
The file "/usr/em/etc/pc_rterrors" is opened and searched for a message
corresponding with this number.
If the file can not be opened, or if the error number is not recorded
in the file, then the same trap is generated again, but without
a user-defined trap handler, so that the low levels generate an
error message.
Otherwise the following information is printed
on file descriptor 2:
.IP -
The name of the Pascal program
.PD 0
.IP -
The name of the file pointed to by _curfil, if the error number
is between 96 and 127 inclusive.
.IP -
The error message (or the error number if not found).
.IP -
The source line number if not equal to 0.
.PD
.PP
The routine _fatal stops the program as soon as the message is printed.
.PP
The following error codes are used by the Pascal runtime system:
.IP 64
more args expected
.PD 0
.IP 65
error in exp
.IP 66
error in ln
.IP 67
error in sqrt
.IP 68
assertion failed
.IP 69
array bound error in pack
.IP 70
array bound error in unpack
.IP 71
only positive j in \fIi mod j\fP
.IP 72
file not yet open
.IP 73
dispose error
.sp
.IP 96
file xxx: not writable
.IP 97
file xxx: not readable
.IP 98
file xxx: end of file
.IP 99
file xxx: truncated
.IP 100
file xxx: reset error
.IP 101
file xxx: rewrite error
.IP 102
file xxx: close error
.IP 103
file xxx: read error
.IP 104
file xxx: write error
.IP 105
file xxx: digit expected
.IP 106
file xxx: non-ASCII char read
.PD
.PP
.SH AUTHORS
Johan Stevenson and Ard Verhoog, Vrije Universiteit.
.SH BUGS
Please report bugs to the authors.