318 lines
8.5 KiB
Plaintext
318 lines
8.5 KiB
Plaintext
.ll 72
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.nr ID 4
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.de hd
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. TITLE
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. AUTHOR
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.de AU
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. DATE
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( Dated \\$1 )
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. INSTITUTE
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.de VU
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.ce 4
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Wiskundig Seminarium
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Vrije Universteit
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De Boelelaan 1081
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Amsterdam
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. PARAGRAPH
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. ITEM
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.de CS
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.br
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~-~\\
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.br
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.fi
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.TL "Ack-C reference manual"
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.AU "Ed Keizer"
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.DA "September 12, 1983"
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.VU
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.wh 0 hd
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.wh 60 fo
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.CH "Introduction"
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The C frontend included in the Amsterdam Compiler Kit
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translates UNIX-V7 C into compact EM code [1].
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The language accepted is described in [2] and [3].
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This document describes which implementation dependent choices were
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made in the Ack-C frontend and
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some restrictions and additions.
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.CH "The language"
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.PP
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Under the same heading as used in [2] we describe the
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properties of the Ack-C frontend.
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.IT "2.2 Identifiers"
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External identifiers are unique up to 7 characters and allow
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both upper and lower case.
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.IT "2.4.3 Character constants"
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The ASCII-mapping is used when a character is converted to an
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integer.
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.IT "2.4.4 Floating constants"
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To prevent loss of precision the compiler does not perform
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floating point constant folding.
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.IT "2.6 Hardware characteristics"
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The size of objects of the several arithmetic types and the two
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pointer types depend on the EM-implementation used.
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The ranges of the arithmetic types depend on the size used,
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the C-frontend assumes two's complement representation for the
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integral types. All sizes are multiples of bytes.
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The calling program \fIack\fP[4] passes information about the
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size of the types to the compiler proper.
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.br
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However, a few general remarks must be made:
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.sp 1
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.IS
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.PT (a)
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Two different pointer types exist: pointers to data and
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pointers to functions.
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The latter type is twice as large as the former.
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Pointers to functions use the same format as Pascal procedure
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parameters, thereby allowing C to use Pascal procedure
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parameters and vice-versa.
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The extra information passed indicates the scope level of the
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procedure.
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.PT (b)
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The size of pointers to data is a multiple of
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(or equal to) the size of an \fIint\fP.
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.PT (c)
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The following relations exist for the sizes of the types
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mentioned:
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.br
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.ti +5
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\fIchar<=short<=int<=long\fP
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.PT (d)
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Objects of type \fIchar\fP use one 8-bit byte of storage,
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although several bytes are allocated sometimes.
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.PT (e)
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All sizes are in multiples of bytes.
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.PT (f)
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Most EM implementations use 4 bytes for floats and 8 bytes
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for doubles, but exceptions to this rule occur.
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.IE
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.IT "6.1 Characters and integers"
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Objects of type \fIchar\fP are unsigned and do not cause
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sign-extension when converted to \fIint\fP.
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The range of characters values is from 0 to 255.
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.IT "6.3 Floating and integral"
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Floating point numbers are truncated towards zero when
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converted to the integral types.
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.IT "6.4 Pointers and integers"
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When a \fIlong\fP is added to or subtracted from a pointer and
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longs are larger then data pointers the \fIlong\fP is converted to an
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\fIint\fP before the operation is performed.
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.IT "8.5 Structure and union declarations"
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The only type allowed for fields is \fIint\fP.
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Fields with exactly the size of \fIint\fP are signed,
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all other fields are unsigned.
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.br
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The size of any single structure must be less then 4096 bytes.
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.IT "8.6 Initialization"
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Initialization of structures containing bit fields is not
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allowed.
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There is one restriction when using an 'address expression' to initialize
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an integral variable.
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The integral variable must have the size of a data pointer.
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Conversions altering the size of the address expression are not allowed.
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.IT "10.1 External function definitions"
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The total amount for storage used for parameters
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in any function must be less then 4096 bytes.
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The same holds for the total amount of storage occupied by the
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automatic variables declared inside any function.
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.sp
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Using formal parameters whose size is smaller the the size of an int
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is less efficient on several machines.
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At procedure entry these parameters are converted from integer to the
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declared type, because the compiler doesn't know where the least
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significant bytes are stored in the int.
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.IT "11.2 Scope of externals"
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Most C compilers are rather lax in enforcing the restriction
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that only one external definition without the keyword
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\fIextern\fP is allowed in a program.
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The Ack-C frontend is very strict in this.
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The only exception is that declarations of arrays with a
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missing first array bounds expression are regarded to have an
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explicit keyword \fIextern\fP.
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.IT "14.4 Explicit pointer conversions"
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Pointers may be larger the ints, thus assigning a pointer to an
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int and back will not always result in the same pointer.
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The process mentioned above works with integrals
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of the same size or larger as pointers in all EM implementations
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having such integrals.
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Note that pointers to functions have
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twice the size of pointers to data.
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When converting data pointers to an integral type or vice-versa,
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the pointers is seen as an unsigned with the same size a data-pointer.
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When converting function pointers to anything else the static link part
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of the pointer is discarded,
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the resulting value is treated as if it were a data pointer.
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When converting a data pointer or object of integral type to a function pointer
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a static link with the value 0 is added to complete the function pointer.
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.br
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EM guarantees that any object can be placed at a word boundary,
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this allows the C-programs to use \fIint\fP pointers
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as pointers to objects of any type not smaller than an \fIint\fP.
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.CH "Frontend options"
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The C-frontend has a few options, these are controlled
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by flags:
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.IS
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.PT -V
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This flag is followed by a sequence of letters each followed by
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positive integers. Each letter indicates a
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certain type, the integer following it specifies the size of
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objects of that type. One letter indicates the wordsize used.
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.IS
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.sp 1
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.TS
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center tab(:);
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l l16 l l.
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letter:type:letter:type
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w:wordsize:i:int
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s:short:l:long
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f:float:d:double
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p:pointer::
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.TE
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.sp 1
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All existing implementations use an integer size equal to the
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wordsize.
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.IE
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The calling program \fIack\fP[4] provides the frontend with
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this flag, with values depending on the machine used.
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.sp 1
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.PT -l
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The frontend normally generates code to keep track of the line
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number and source file name at runtime for debugging purposes.
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Currently a pointer to a
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string containing the filename is stored at a fixed place in
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memory at each function
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entry and the line number at the start of every expression.
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At the return from a function these memory locations are not reset to
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the values they had before the call.
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Most library routines do not use this feature and thus do not
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ruin the current line number and filename when called.
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However, you are really unlucky when your program crashes due
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to a bug in such a library function, because the line number
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and filename do not indicate that something went wrong inside
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the library function.
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.br
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Providing the flag -l to the frontend tells it not to generate
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the code updating line number and file name.
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This is, for example, used when translating the stdio library.
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.br
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When the \fIack\fP[4] is called with the -L flag it provides
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the frontend with this flag.
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.sp 1
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.PT -Xp
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When this flag is present the frontend generates a call to
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the function \fBprocentry\fP at each function entry and a
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call to \fBprocexit\fP at each function exit.
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Both functions are provided with one parameter,
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a pointer to a string containing the function name.
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.br
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When \fIack\fP is called with the -p flag it provides the
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frontend with this flag.
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.IE
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.CH References
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.IS
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.PT [1]
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A.S. Tanenbaum, Hans van Staveren, Ed Keizer and Johan
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Stevenson \fIDescription of a machine architecture for use with
|
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block structured languages\fP Informatica report IR-81.
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.sp 1
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.PT [2]
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B.W. Kernighan and D.M. Ritchie, \fIThe C Programming
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language\fP, Prentice-Hall, 1978
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.PT [3]
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D.M. Ritchie, \fIC Reference Manual\fP
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.sp
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.PT [4]
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UNIX manual ack(I).
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