2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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<html>
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<head>
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2019-08-02 12:52:36 +00:00
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<title>Lab: Alarm and uthread</title>
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="homework.css" type="text/css" />
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</head>
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<body>
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2019-08-02 12:52:36 +00:00
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<h1>Lab: Alarm and uthread</h1>
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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2019-08-02 12:52:36 +00:00
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This lab makes you familiar with the implementation of system calls
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and switching between threads of execution. In particular, you will
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implement new system calls (<tt>sigalarm</tt> and <tt>sigreturn</tt>)
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and switching between threads of a user-level thread package.
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
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<h2>RISC-V assembly</h2>
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2019-08-02 12:52:36 +00:00
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<p>For this lab it will be important to understand RISC-V assembly.
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2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
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<p>Add a file user/call.c with the following content, modify the
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Makefile to add the program to the user programs, and compile (make
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fs.img). The Makefile also produces a binary and a readable
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assembly a version of the program in the file user/call.asm.
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<pre>
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#include "kernel/param.h"
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#include "kernel/types.h"
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#include "kernel/stat.h"
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#include "user/user.h"
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int g(int x) {
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return x+3;
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}
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int f(int x) {
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return g(x);
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}
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void main(void) {
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printf(1, "%d %d\n", f(8)+1, 13);
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exit();
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}
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</pre>
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2019-07-27 01:03:59 +00:00
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<p>Read through call.asm and understand it. The instruction manual
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for RISC-V is in the doc directory (doc/riscv-spec-v2.2.pdf). Here
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are some questions that you should answer for yourself:
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2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
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<ul>
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<li>Which registers contain arguments to functions? Which
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register holds 13 in the call to <tt>printf</tt>? Which register
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holds the second one? Which register holds the second one? Etc.
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<li>Where is the function call to <tt>f</tt> and <tt>g</tt>
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in <tt>main</tt>? (Hint: compiler may inline functions.)
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<li>At what address is the function <tt>printf</tt> located?
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<li>What value is in the register <tt>ra</tt> in the <tt>jalr</tt>
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to <tt>printf</tt> in <tt>main</tt>?
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</ul>
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2019-08-02 12:52:36 +00:00
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<h2>Warmup: system call tracing</h2>
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<p>In this exercise you will modify the xv6 kernel to print out a line
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for each system call invocation. It is enough to print the name of the
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system call and the return value; you don't need to print the system
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call arguments.
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<p>
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When you're done, you should see output like this when booting
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xv6:
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<pre>
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...
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fork -> 2
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exec -> 0
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open -> 3
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close -> 0
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$write -> 1
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write -> 1
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</pre>
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<p>
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That's init forking and execing sh, sh making sure only two file descriptors are
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open, and sh writing the $ prompt. (Note: the output of the shell and the
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system call trace are intermixed, because the shell uses the write syscall to
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print its output.)
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<p> Hint: modify the syscall() function in kernel/syscall.c.
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<p>Run the programs you wrote in the lab and inspect the system call
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trace. Are there many system calls? Which systems calls correspond
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to code in the applications you wrote above?
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<p>Optional: print the system call arguments.
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2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
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2019-08-02 12:52:36 +00:00
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<h2>Alarm</h2>
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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<p>
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In this exercise you'll add a feature to xv6 that periodically alerts
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a process as it uses CPU time. This might be useful for compute-bound
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processes that want to limit how much CPU time they chew up, or for
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processes that want to compute but also want to take some periodic
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action. More generally, you'll be implementing a primitive form of
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user-level interrupt/fault handlers; you could use something similar
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to handle page faults in the application, for example.
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<p>
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2019-07-27 01:03:59 +00:00
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You should add a new <tt>sigalarm(interval, handler)</tt> system call.
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If an application calls <tt>sigalarm(n, fn)</tt>, then after every
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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<tt>n</tt> "ticks" of CPU time that the program consumes, the kernel
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will cause application function
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<tt>fn</tt> to be called. When <tt>fn</tt> returns, the application
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will resume where it left off. A tick is a fairly arbitrary unit of
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time in xv6, determined by how often a hardware timer generates
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interrupts.
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<p>
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You should put the following example program in <tt>user/alarmtest.c</tt>:
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2019-07-27 20:00:12 +00:00
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<b>XXX Insert the final program here; maybe just give the code in the repo</b>
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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<pre>
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#include "kernel/param.h"
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#include "kernel/types.h"
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#include "kernel/stat.h"
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2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
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#include "kernel/riscv.h"
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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#include "user/user.h"
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2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
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void test0();
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void test1();
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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void periodic();
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int
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main(int argc, char *argv[])
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2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
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{
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test0();
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test1();
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exit();
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}
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void test0()
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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{
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int i;
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printf(1, "test0 start\n");
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alarm(2, periodic);
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for(i = 0; i < 1000*500000; i++){
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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if((i % 250000) == 0)
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write(2, ".", 1);
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}
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2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
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alarm(0, 0);
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printf(1, "test0 done\n");
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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}
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void
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periodic()
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{
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printf(1, "alarm!\n");
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}
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2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
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void __attribute__ ((noinline)) foo(int i, int *j) {
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if((i % 2500000) == 0) {
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write(2, ".", 1);
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}
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*j += 1;
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}
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void test1() {
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int i;
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int j;
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printf(1, "test1 start\n");
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j = 0;
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alarm(2, periodic);
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for(i = 0; i < 1000*500000; i++){
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foo(i, &j);
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}
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if(i != j) {
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printf(2, "i %d should = j %d\n", i, j);
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exit();
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}
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printf(1, "test1 done\n");
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}
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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</pre>
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2019-07-27 01:03:59 +00:00
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The program calls <tt>sigalarm(2, periodic1)</tt> in <tt>test0</tt> to
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ask the kernel to force a call to <tt>periodic()</tt> every 2 ticks,
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and then spins for a while. After you have implemented
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the <tt>sigalarm()</tt> system call in the kernel,
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<tt>alarmtest</tt> should produce output like this for <tt>test0</tt>:
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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2019-07-27 01:03:59 +00:00
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<b>Update output for final usertests.c</b>
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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<pre>
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$ alarmtest
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alarmtest starting
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.....alarm!
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....alarm!
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.....alarm!
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......alarm!
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.....alarm!
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....alarm!
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....alarm!
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......alarm!
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.....alarm!
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...alarm!
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...$
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</pre>
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<p>
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<p>
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(If you only see one "alarm!", try increasing the number of iterations in
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<tt>alarmtest.c</tt> by 10x.)
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2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
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<p>The main challenge will be to arrange that the handler is invoked
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when the process's alarm interval expires. In your usertrap, when a
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process's alarm interval expires, you'll want to cause it to execute
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its handler. How can you do that? You will need to understand in
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details how system calls work (i.e., the code in kernel/trampoline.S
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and kernel/trap.c). Which register contains the address where
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systems calls return to?
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<p>Your solution will be few lines of code, but it will be tricky to
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write the right lines of code. Common failure scenarios are: the
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user program crashes or doesn't terminate. You can see the assembly
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code for the alarmtest program in alarmtest.asm, which will be handy
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for debugging.
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2019-08-02 12:52:36 +00:00
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<h3>Test0: invoke handler</h3>
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2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
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<p>To get started, the best strategy is to first pass test0, which
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will force you to handle the main challenge above. Here are some
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hints how to pass test0:
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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<ul>
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<li>You'll need to modify the Makefile to cause <tt>alarmtest.c</tt>
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to be compiled as an xv6 user program.
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<li>The right declaration to put in <tt>user/user.h</tt> is:
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<pre>
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2019-07-27 01:03:59 +00:00
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int sigalarm(int ticks, void (*handler)());
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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</pre>
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2019-07-27 01:03:59 +00:00
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<li>Update kernel/syscall.h and user/usys.S (update usys.pl to update
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usys.S) to allow <tt>alarmtest</tt> to invoke the sigalarm system
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call.
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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2019-07-27 01:03:59 +00:00
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<li>Your <tt>sys_sigalarm()</tt> should store the alarm interval and
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the pointer to the handler function in new fields in the <tt>proc</tt>
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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structure; see <tt>kernel/proc.h</tt>.
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2019-07-27 01:03:59 +00:00
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<li>You'll need to keep track of how many ticks have passed since the
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last call (or are left until the next call) to a process's alarm
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handler; you'll need a new field in <tt>struct proc</tt> for this
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too. You can initialize <tt>proc</tt> fields in <tt>allocproc()</tt>
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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in <tt>proc.c</tt>.
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2019-07-27 01:03:59 +00:00
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<li>Every tick, the hardware clock forces an interrupt, which is handled
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in <tt>usertrap()</tt>; you should add some code here.
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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2019-07-27 01:03:59 +00:00
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<li>You only want to manipulate a process's alarm ticks if there's a a
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timer interrupt; you want something like
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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<pre>
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2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
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if(which_dev == 2) ...
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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</pre>
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2019-07-27 01:03:59 +00:00
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<li>Only invoke the process's alarm function, if the process has a
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timer outstanding. Note that the address of the user's alarm
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function might be 0 (e.g., in alarmtest.asm, <tt>periodic</tt> is at
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address 0).
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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2019-07-27 01:03:59 +00:00
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<li>It will be easier to look at traps with gdb if you tell qemu to
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use only one CPU, which you can do by running
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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<pre>
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make CPUS=1 qemu
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</pre>
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2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
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</ul>
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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2019-08-02 12:52:36 +00:00
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<h3>test1(): resume interrupted code</h3>
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2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
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2019-07-27 01:03:59 +00:00
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<p>Test0 doesn't tests whether the handler returns correctly to
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2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
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interrupted instruction in test0. If you didn't get this right, it
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is likely that test1 will fail (the program crashes or the program
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goes into an infinite loop).
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2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
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2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
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<p>A main challenge is to arrange that when the handler returns, it
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returns to the instruction where the program was interrupted. Which
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register contains the return address of a function? When the kernel
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receives an interrupt, which register contains the address of the
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interrupted instruction?
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2019-07-27 01:03:59 +00:00
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<p>Your solution is likely to require you to save and restore
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registers---what registers do you need to save and restore to resume
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the interrupted code correctly? (Hint: it will be many). There are
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several ways to do this, but one convenient way is to add another
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system call <tt>sigreturn</tt> that the handler calls when it is
|
|
|
|
|
done. Your job is to arrange that <tt>sigreturn</tt> returns to the
|
|
|
|
|
interrupted code.
|
2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2019-07-27 01:03:59 +00:00
|
|
|
Some hints:
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
|
|
<li>Add the <tt>sigreturn</tt> system call, following the changes
|
|
|
|
|
you made to support <tt>sigalarm</tt>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li>Save enough state when the timer goes in the <tt>struct
|
|
|
|
|
proc</tt> so that <tt>sigreturn</tt> can return to the
|
|
|
|
|
interrupted code.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li>Prevent re-entrant calls to the handler----if a handler hasn't
|
|
|
|
|
returned yet, don't call it again.
|
2019-08-02 12:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
</ul>
|
2019-07-27 01:03:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>Once you pass <tt>test0</tt> and <tt>test1</tt>, run usertests to
|
|
|
|
|
make sure you didn't break any other parts of the kernel.
|
2019-07-27 20:00:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2019-08-02 12:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
<h2>Uthread: switching between threads</h2>
|
2019-07-27 01:03:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2019-08-02 12:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
<p>Download <a href="uthread.c">uthread.c</a> and <a
|
|
|
|
|
href="uthread_switch.S">uthread_switch.S</a> into your xv6 directory.
|
|
|
|
|
Make sure <tt>uthread_switch.S</tt> ends with <tt>.S</tt>, not
|
|
|
|
|
<tt>.s</tt>. Add the
|
|
|
|
|
following rule to the xv6 Makefile after the _forktest rule:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
|
|
|
$U/_uthread: $U/uthread.o $U/uthread_switch.o
|
|
|
|
|
$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -N -e main -Ttext 0 -o $U/_uthread $U/uthread.o $U/uthread_switch.o $(ULIB)
|
|
|
|
|
$(OBJDUMP) -S $U/_uthread > $U/uthread.asm
|
|
|
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
|
Make sure that the blank space at the start of each line is a tab,
|
|
|
|
|
not spaces.
|
2019-07-27 20:00:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2019-08-02 12:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
|
Add <tt>_uthread</tt> in the Makefile to the list of user programs defined by UPROGS.
|
2019-07-26 14:35:21 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2019-08-02 12:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
<p>Run xv6, then run <tt>uthread</tt> from the xv6 shell. The xv6 kernel will print an error message about <tt>uthread</tt> encountering a page fault.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>Your job is to complete <tt>uthread_switch.S</tt>, so that you see output similar to
|
|
|
|
|
this (make sure to run with CPUS=1):
|
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
|
|
|
~/classes/6828/xv6$ make CPUS=1 qemu
|
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
$ uthread
|
|
|
|
|
my thread running
|
|
|
|
|
my thread 0x0000000000002A30
|
|
|
|
|
my thread running
|
|
|
|
|
my thread 0x0000000000004A40
|
|
|
|
|
my thread 0x0000000000002A30
|
|
|
|
|
my thread 0x0000000000004A40
|
|
|
|
|
my thread 0x0000000000002A30
|
|
|
|
|
my thread 0x0000000000004A40
|
|
|
|
|
my thread 0x0000000000002A30
|
|
|
|
|
my thread 0x0000000000004A40
|
|
|
|
|
my thread 0x0000000000002A30
|
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
my thread 0x0000000000002A88
|
|
|
|
|
my thread 0x0000000000004A98
|
|
|
|
|
my thread: exit
|
|
|
|
|
my thread: exit
|
|
|
|
|
thread_schedule: no runnable threads
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><tt>uthread</tt> creates two threads and switches back and forth between
|
|
|
|
|
them. Each thread prints "my thread ..." and then yields to give the other
|
|
|
|
|
thread a chance to run.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>To observe the above output, you need to complete <tt>uthread_switch.S</tt>, but before
|
|
|
|
|
jumping into <tt>uthread_switch.S</tt>, first understand how <tt>uthread.c</tt>
|
|
|
|
|
uses <tt>uthread_switch</tt>. <tt>uthread.c</tt> has two global variables
|
|
|
|
|
<tt>current_thread</tt> and <tt>next_thread</tt>. Each is a pointer to a
|
|
|
|
|
<tt>thread</tt> structure. The thread structure has a stack for a thread and a
|
|
|
|
|
saved stack pointer (<tt>sp</tt>, which points into the thread's stack). The
|
|
|
|
|
job of <tt>uthread_switch</tt> is to save the current thread state into the
|
|
|
|
|
structure pointed to by <tt>current_thread</tt>, restore <tt>next_thread</tt>'s
|
|
|
|
|
state, and make <tt>current_thread</tt> point to where <tt>next_thread</tt> was
|
|
|
|
|
pointing to, so that when <tt>uthread_switch</tt> returns <tt>next_thread</tt>
|
|
|
|
|
is running and is the <tt>current_thread</tt>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>You should study <tt>thread_create</tt>, which sets up the initial stack for
|
|
|
|
|
a new thread. It provides hints about what <tt>uthread_switch</tt> should do.
|
|
|
|
|
Note that <tt>thread_create</tt> simulates saving all callee-save registers
|
|
|
|
|
on a new thread's stack.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>To write the assembly in <tt>thread_switch</tt>, you need to know how the C
|
|
|
|
|
compiler lays out <tt>struct thread</tt> in memory, which is as
|
|
|
|
|
follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
|
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
|
| 4 bytes for state|
|
|
|
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
|
| stack size bytes |
|
|
|
|
|
| for stack |
|
|
|
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
|
| 8 bytes for sp |
|
|
|
|
|
-------------------- <--- current_thread
|
|
|
|
|
......
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
......
|
|
|
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
|
| 4 bytes for state|
|
|
|
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
|
| stack size bytes |
|
|
|
|
|
| for stack |
|
|
|
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
|
| 8 bytes for sp |
|
|
|
|
|
-------------------- <--- next_thread
|
|
|
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The variables <tt>&next_thread</tt> and <tt>¤t_thread</tt> each
|
|
|
|
|
contain the address of a pointer to <tt>struct thread</tt>, and are
|
|
|
|
|
passed to <tt>thread_switch</tt>. The following fragment of assembly
|
|
|
|
|
will be useful:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
|
|
|
ld t0, 0(a0)
|
|
|
|
|
sd sp, 0(t0)
|
|
|
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This saves <tt>sp</tt> in <tt>current_thread->sp</tt>. This works because
|
|
|
|
|
<tt>sp</tt> is at
|
|
|
|
|
offset 0 in the struct.
|
|
|
|
|
You can study the assembly the compiler generates for
|
|
|
|
|
<tt>uthread.c</tt> by looking at <tt>uthread.asm</tt>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>To test your code it might be helpful to single step through your
|
|
|
|
|
<tt>uthread_switch</tt> using <tt>riscv64-linux-gnu-gdb</tt>. You can get started in this way:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
|
|
|
(gdb) file user/_uthread
|
|
|
|
|
Reading symbols from user/_uthread...
|
|
|
|
|
(gdb) b *0x230
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
|
0x230 is the address of uthread_switch (see uthread.asm). When you
|
|
|
|
|
compile it may be at a different address, so check uthread_asm.
|
|
|
|
|
You may also be able to type "b uthread_switch". <b>XXX This doesn't work
|
|
|
|
|
for me; why?</b>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>The breakpoint may (or may not) be triggered before you even run
|
|
|
|
|
<tt>uthread</tt>. How could that happen?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>Once your xv6 shell runs, type "uthread", and gdb will break at
|
|
|
|
|
<tt>thread_switch</tt>. Now you can type commands like the following to inspect
|
|
|
|
|
the state of <tt>uthread</tt>:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
|
|
|
(gdb) p/x *next_thread
|
|
|
|
|
$1 = {sp = 0x4a28, stack = {0x0 (repeats 8088 times),
|
|
|
|
|
0x68, 0x1, 0x0 <repeats 102 times>}, state = 0x1}
|
|
|
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
|
What address is <tt>0x168</tt>, which sits on the bottom of the stack
|
|
|
|
|
of <tt>next_thread</tt>?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
With "x", you can examine the content of a memory location
|
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
|
|
|
(gdb) x/x next_thread->sp
|
|
|
|
|
0x4a28 <all_thread+16304>: 0x00000168
|
|
|
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
|
Why does that print <tt>0x168</tt>?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>Optional challenges</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>The user-level thread package interacts badly with the operating system in
|
|
|
|
|
several ways. For example, if one user-level thread blocks in a system call,
|
|
|
|
|
another user-level thread won't run, because the user-level threads scheduler
|
|
|
|
|
doesn't know that one of its threads has been descheduled by the xv6 scheduler. As
|
|
|
|
|
another example, two user-level threads will not run concurrently on different
|
|
|
|
|
cores, because the xv6 scheduler isn't aware that there are multiple
|
|
|
|
|
threads that could run in parallel. Note that if two user-level threads were to
|
|
|
|
|
run truly in parallel, this implementation won't work because of several races
|
|
|
|
|
(e.g., two threads on different processors could call <tt>thread_schedule</tt>
|
|
|
|
|
concurrently, select the same runnable thread, and both run it on different
|
|
|
|
|
processors.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>There are several ways of addressing these problems. One is
|
|
|
|
|
using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduler_activations">scheduler
|
|
|
|
|
activations</a> and another is to use one kernel thread per
|
|
|
|
|
user-level thread (as Linux kernels do). Implement one of these ways
|
|
|
|
|
in xv6. This is not easy to get right; for example, you will need to
|
|
|
|
|
implement TLB shootdown when updating a page table for a
|
|
|
|
|
multithreaded user process.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>Add locks, condition variables, barriers,
|
|
|
|
|
etc. to your thread package.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
|
|
</html>
|
2019-07-25 13:42:36 +00:00
|
|
|
|
