100 lines
3.5 KiB
HTML
100 lines
3.5 KiB
HTML
<h2>Programming Assignment: Copy-on-Write Fork for xv6</h2>
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<p>
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Your task is implement copy-on-write fork in the xv6 kernel. You are
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done if your modified kernel executes both the cow and usertests
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programs successfully.
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<h3>The problem</h3>
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The fork() system call in xv6 copies all of the parent process's
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user-space memory into the child. If the parent is large, copying can
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take a long time. In addition, the copies often waste memory; in many
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cases neither the parent nor the child modifies a page, so that in
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principle they could share the same physical memory. The inefficiency
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is particularly clear if the child calls exec(), since then most of
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the copied pages are thrown away without ever being used. Of course,
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sometimes both child and parent modify memory at the same virtual
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address after a fork(), so for some pages the copying is truly needed.
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<h3>The solution</h3>
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The goal of copy-on-write (COW) fork() is to defer allocating and
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copying physical memory pages for the child until they are actually
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needed, in the hope that they may never be needed.
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<p>
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COW fork() creates just a pagetable for the child, with PTEs for user
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memory pointing to the parent's physical pages. COW fork() marks all
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the user PTEs in both parent and child as read-only. When either
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process tries to write one of these COW pages, the CPU will force a
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page fault. The kernel page-fault handler detects this case, allocates
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a page of physical memory for the faulting process, copies the
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original page into the new page, and modifies the relevant PTE in the
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faulting process to refer to the new page, this time with the PTE
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marked writeable. When the page fault handler returns, the user
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process will be able to write its copy of the page.
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<p>
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COW fork() makes freeing of the physical pages that implement user
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memory a little trickier. A given physical page may be referred to by
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multiple processes' page tables, and should be freed when the last
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reference disappears.
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<h3>The cow test program</h3>
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To help you test your implementation, we've provided an xv6 program
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called cow (source in user/cow.c). cow runs various tests, but
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even the first will fail on unmodified xv6. Thus, initially, you
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will see:
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<pre>
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$ cow
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simple: fork() failed
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$
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</pre>
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The "simple" test allocates more than half of available physical
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memory, and then fork()s. The fork fails because there is not enough
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free physical memory to give the child a complete copy of the parent.
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<p>
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When you are done, your kernel should be able to run both cow and
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usertests. That is:
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<pre>
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$ cow
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simple: ok
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simple: ok
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three: zombie!
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ok
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three: zombie!
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ok
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three: zombie!
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ok
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file: ok
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ALL COW TESTS PASSED
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$ usertests
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...
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ALL TESTS PASSED
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$
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</pre>
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<h3>Hints</h3>
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Here's one reasonable plan of attack. Modify uvmcopy() to map the
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parent's physical pages into the child, instead of allocating new
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pages, and clear PTE_W in the PTEs of both child and parent.
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Modify usertrap() to recognize a page fault. When a page fault occurs
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on a COW page, allocate a new page with kalloc(), copy the old page to
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the new page, and install the new page in the PTE with PTE_W set.
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Next, ensure that each physical page is freed when the last PTE
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reference to it goes away (but not before!), perhaps by implementing
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reference counts in kalloc.c. Finally, modify copyout() to use the
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same scheme as page faults when it encounters a COW page.
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<p>
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It may be useful to have a way to record, for each PTE, whether it is
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a COW mapping. You can use the RSW (reserved for software) bits in
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the RISC-V PTE for this.
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