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<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<title> Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation </title>
</head>
<body>
\input texinfo @c -*- texinfo -*-
<center>
<h1>
Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation
</h1>
</center>
@settitle Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation
@titlepage
@sp 7
@center @titlefont{Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation}
@sp 3
@end titlepage
<h2>Introduction</h2>
@chapter Introduction
TinyCC (aka TCC) is a small but hyper fast C compiler. Unlike other C
compilers, it is meant to be self-suffisant: you do not need an
external assembler or linker because TCC does that for you.
<P>
TCC compiles so <em>fast</em> that even for big projects <tt>Makefile</tt>s may
TCC compiles so @emph{fast} that even for big projects @code{Makefile}s may
not be necessary.
<P>
TCC not only supports ANSI C, but also most of the new ISO C99
standard and many GNUC extensions.
<P>
TCC can also be used to make <I>C scripts</I>,
i.e. pieces of C source that you run as a Perl or Python
script. Compilation is so fast that your script will be as fast as if
it was an executable.
<P>
TCC can also automatically generate <A HREF="#bounds">memory and bound
checks</A> while allowing all C pointers operations. TCC can do these
checks even if non patched libraries are used.
</P>
<h2>Full ANSI C support</h2>
TCC can also be used to make @emph{C scripts}, i.e. pieces of C source
that you run as a Perl or Python script. Compilation is so fast that
your script will be as fast as if it was an executable.
TCC can also automatically generate memory and bound checks
(@xref{bounds}) while allowing all C pointers operations. TCC can do
these checks even if non patched libraries are used.
With @code{libtcc}, you can use TCC as a backend for dynamic code
generation (@xref{libtcc}).
@node invoke
@chapter Command line invocation
@example
usage: tcc [-Idir] [-Dsym[=val]] [-Usym] [-llib] [-g] [-b]
[-i infile] infile [infile_args...]
@end example
@table @samp
@item -Idir
Specify an additionnal include path. The default ones are:
@file{/usr/include}, @code{prefix}@file{/lib/tcc/include} (@code{prefix}
is usually @file{/usr} or @file{/usr/local}).
@item -Dsym[=val]
Define preprocessor symbol 'sym' to
val. If val is not present, its value is '1'. Function-like macros can
also be defined: @code{'-DF(a)=a+1'}
@item -Usym
Undefine preprocessor symbol 'sym'.
@item -lxxx
Dynamically link your program with library
libxxx.so. Standard library paths are checked, including those
specified with LD_LIBRARY_PATH.
@item -g
Generate run time debug information so that you get clear run time
error messages: @code{ test.c:68: in function 'test5()': dereferencing
invalid pointer} instead of the laconic @code{Segmentation
fault}.
@item -b
Generate additionnal support code to check
memory allocations and array/pointer bounds. '-g' is implied. Note
that the generated code is slower and bigger in this case.
@item -i file
Compile C source 'file' before main C source. With this
command, multiple C files can be compiled and linked together.
@end table
Note: the @code{-o file} option to generate an ELF executable is
currently unsupported.
@chapter C language support
@section ANSI C
TCC implements all the ANSI C standard, including structure bit fields
and floating point numbers (<tt>long double</tt>, <tt>double</tt>, and
<tt>float</tt> fully supported). The following limitations are known:
and floating point numbers (@code{long double}, @code{double}, and
@code{float} fully supported). The following limitations are known:
<ul>
<li> The preprocessor tokens are the same as C. It means that in some
@itemize
@item The preprocessor tokens are the same as C. It means that in some
rare cases, preprocessed numbers are not handled exactly as in ANSI
C. This approach has the advantage of being simpler and FAST!
</ul>
@end itemize
<h2>ISOC99 extensions</h2>
@section ISOC99 extensions
TCC implements many features of the new C standard: ISO C99. Currently
missing items are: complex and imaginary numbers and variable length
@ -54,77 +99,77 @@ arrays.
Currently implemented ISOC99 features:
<ul>
@itemize
<li> 64 bit <tt>'long long'</tt> types are fully supported.
@item 64 bit @code{'long long'} types are fully supported.
<li> The boolean type <tt>'_Bool'</tt> is supported.
@item The boolean type @code{'_Bool'} is supported.
<li> <tt>'__func__'</tt> is a string variable containing the current
@item @code{'__func__'} is a string variable containing the current
function name.
<li> Variadic macros: <tt>__VA_ARGS__</tt> can be used for
@item Variadic macros: @code{__VA_ARGS__} can be used for
function-like macros:
<PRE>
@example
#define dprintf(level, __VA_ARGS__) printf(__VA_ARGS__)
</PRE>
<tt>dprintf</tt> can then be used with a variable number of parameters.
@end example
@code{dprintf} can then be used with a variable number of parameters.
<li> Declarations can appear anywhere in a block (as in C++).
@item Declarations can appear anywhere in a block (as in C++).
<li> Array and struct/union elements can be initialized in any order by
@item Array and struct/union elements can be initialized in any order by
using designators:
<PRE>
@example
struct { int x, y; } st[10] = { [0].x = 1, [0].y = 2 };
int tab[10] = { 1, 2, [5] = 5, [9] = 9};
</PRE>
@end example
<li> Compound initializers are supported:
<PRE>
@item Compound initializers are supported:
@example
int *p = (int []){ 1, 2, 3 };
</PRE>
@end example
to initialize a pointer pointing to an initialized array. The same
works for structures and strings.
<li> Hexadecimal floating point constants are supported:
<PRE>
@item Hexadecimal floating point constants are supported:
@example
double d = 0x1234p10;
</PRE>
@end example
is the same as writing
<PRE>
@example
double d = 4771840.0;
</PRE>
@end example
<li> <tt>'inline'</tt> keyword is ignored.
@item @code{'inline'} keyword is ignored.
<li> <tt>'restrict'</tt> keyword is ignored.
</ul>
@item @code{'restrict'} keyword is ignored.
@end itemize
<h2>GNU C extensions</h2>
@section GNU C extensions
TCC implements some GNU C extensions:
<ul>
@itemize
<li> array designators can be used without '=':
<PRE>
@item array designators can be used without '=':
@example
int a[10] = { [0] 1, [5] 2, 3, 4 };
</PRE>
@end example
<li> Structure field designators can be a label:
<PRE>
@item Structure field designators can be a label:
@example
struct { int x, y; } st = { x: 1, y: 1};
</PRE>
@end example
instead of
<PRE>
@example
struct { int x, y; } st = { .x = 1, .y = 1};
</PRE>
@end example
<li> <tt>'\e'</tt> is ASCII character 27.
@item @code{'\e'} is ASCII character 27.
<li> case ranges : ranges can be used in <tt>case</tt>s:
<PRE>
@item case ranges : ranges can be used in @code{case}s:
@example
switch(a) {
case 1 ... 9:
printf("range 1 to 9\n");
@ -133,104 +178,104 @@ instead of
printf("unexpected\n");
break;
}
</PRE>
@end example
<li> The keyword <tt>__attribute__</tt> is handled to specify variable or
@item The keyword @code{__attribute__} is handled to specify variable or
function attributes. The following attributes are supported:
<ul>
<li> <tt>aligned(n)</tt>: align data to n bytes (must be a power of two).
@itemize
@item @code{aligned(n)}: align data to n bytes (must be a power of two).
<li> <tt>section(name)</tt>: generate function or data in assembly
@item @code{section(name)}: generate function or data in assembly
section name (name is a string containing the section name) instead
of the default section.
<li> <tt>unused</tt>: specify that the variable or the function is unused.
@item @code{unused}: specify that the variable or the function is unused.
<li> <tt>cdecl</tt>: use standard C calling convention.
@item @code{cdecl}: use standard C calling convention.
<li> <tt>stdcall</tt>: use Pascal-like calling convention.
@item @code{stdcall}: use Pascal-like calling convention.
@end itemize
</ul>
<BR>
Here are some examples:
<PRE>
@example
int a __attribute__ ((aligned(8), section(".mysection")));
</PRE>
<BR>
align variable <tt>'a'</tt> to 8 bytes and put it in section <tt>.mysection</tt>.
@end example
<PRE>
align variable @code{'a'} to 8 bytes and put it in section @code{.mysection}.
@example
int my_add(int a, int b) __attribute__ ((section(".mycodesection")))
{
return a + b;
}
</PRE>
<BR>
generate function <tt>'my_add'</tt> in section <tt>.mycodesection</tt>.
</ul>
@end example
<h2>TinyCC extensions</h2>
generate function @code{'my_add'} in section @code{.mycodesection}.
I have added some extensions I find interesting:
@item GNU style variadic macros:
@example
#define dprintf(fmt, args...) printf(fmt, ## args)
<ul>
dprintf("no arg\n");
dprintf("one arg %d\n", 1);
@end example
<li> <tt>__TINYC__</tt> is a predefined macro to <tt>'1'</tt> to
@end itemize
@section TinyCC extensions
@itemize
@item @code{__TINYC__} is a predefined macro to @code{'1'} to
indicate that you use TCC.
<li> <tt>'#!'</tt> at the start of a line is ignored to allow scripting.
@item @code{'#!'} at the start of a line is ignored to allow scripting.
<li> Binary digits can be entered (<tt>'0b101'</tt> instead of
<tt>'5'</tt>).
@item Binary digits can be entered (@code{'0b101'} instead of
@code{'5'}).
<li> <tt>__BOUNDS_CHECKING_ON</tt> is defined if bound checking is activated.
@item @code{__BOUNDS_CHECKING_ON} is defined if bound checking is activated.
</ul>
@end itemize
<h2>TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</h2>
<A NAME="bounds"></a>
@node bounds
@chapter TinyCC Memory and Bound checks
This feature is activated with the <A HREF="#invoke"><tt>'-b'</tt>
option</A>.
<P>
Note that pointer size is <em>unchanged</em> and that code generated
with bound checks is <em>fully compatible</em> with unchecked
This feature is activated with the @code{'-b'} (@xref{invoke}).
Note that pointer size is @emph{unchanged} and that code generated
with bound checks is @emph{fully compatible} with unchecked
code. When a pointer comes from unchecked code, it is assumed to be
valid. Even very obscure C code with casts should work correctly.
</P>
<P> To have more information about the ideas behind this method, <A
HREF="http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html">check
here</A>.
</P>
<P>
To have more information about the ideas behind this method, check at
@url{http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html}.
Here are some examples of catched errors:
</P>
<TABLE BORDER=1>
<TR>
<TD>
<PRE>
@table @asis
@item Invalid range with standard string function:
@example
{
char tab[10];
memset(tab, 0, 11);
}
</PRE>
</TD><TD VALIGN=TOP>Invalid range with standard string function</TD>
@end example
<TR>
<TD>
<PRE>
@item Bound error in global or local arrays:
@example
{
int tab[10];
for(i=0;i<11;i++) {
sum += tab[i];
}
}
</PRE>
</TD><TD VALIGN=TOP>Bound error in global or local arrays</TD>
@end example
<TR>
<TD>
<PRE>
@item Bound error in allocated data:
@example
{
int *tab;
tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
@ -239,12 +284,10 @@ Here are some examples of catched errors:
}
free(tab);
}
</PRE>
</TD><TD VALIGN=TOP>Bound error in allocated data</TD>
@end example
<TR>
<TD>
<PRE>
@item Access to a freed region:
@example
{
int *tab;
tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
@ -253,70 +296,382 @@ Here are some examples of catched errors:
sum += tab4[i];
}
}
</PRE>
</TD><TD VALIGN=TOP>Access to a freed region</TD>
@end example
<TR>
<TD>
<PRE>
@item Freeing an already freed region:
@example
{
int *tab;
tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
free(tab);
free(tab);
}
</PRE>
</TD><TD VALIGN=TOP>Freeing an already freed region</TD>
@end example
</TABLE>
@end table
<h2> Command line invocation </h2>
<A NAME="invoke"></a>
@node libtcc
@chapter The @code{libtcc} library
<PRE>
usage: tcc [-Idir] [-Dsym[=val]] [-Usym] [-llib] [-g] [-b]
[-i infile] infile [infile_args...]
</PRE>
The @code{libtcc} library enables you to use TCC as a backend for
dynamic code generation.
<table>
<tr><td>'-Idir'</td>
<td>Specify an additionnal include path. The default ones are:
/usr/include, /usr/lib/tcc, /usr/local/lib/tcc.</td>
Read the @file{libtcc.h} to have an overview of the API. Read
@file{libtcc_test.c} to have a very simple example.
<tr><td>'-Dsym[=val]'</td> <td>Define preprocessor symbol 'sym' to
val. If val is not present, its value is '1'. Function-like macros can
also be defined: <tt>'-DF(a)=a+1'</tt></td>
The idea consists in giving a C string containing the program you want
to compile directly to @code{libtcc}. Then the @code{main()} function of
the compiled string can be launched.
<tr><td>'-Usym'</td> <td>Undefine preprocessor symbol 'sym'.</td>
@chapter Developper's guide
<tr><td>'-lxxx'</td>
<td>Dynamically link your program with library
libxxx.so. Standard library paths are checked, including those
specified with LD_LIBRARY_PATH.</td>
This chapter gives some hints to understand how TCC works. You can skip
it if you do not intend to modify the TCC code.
<tr><td>'-g'</td>
<td>Generate run time debug information so that you get clear run time
error messages: <tt> test.c:68: in function 'test5()': dereferencing
invalid pointer</tt> instead of the laconic <tt>Segmentation
fault</tt>.
</td>
@section File reading
<tr><td>'-b'</td> <td>Generate additionnal support code to check
memory allocations and array/pointer bounds. '-g' is implied. Note
that the generated code is slower and bigger in this case.
</td>
The @code{BufferedFile} structure contains the context needed to read a
file, including the current line number. @code{tcc_open()} opens a new
file and @code{tcc_close()} closes it. @code{inp()} returns the next
character.
<tr><td>'-i file'</td>
<td>Compile C source 'file' before main C source. With this
command, multiple C files can be compiled and linked together.</td>
</table>
<br>
Note: the <tt>'-o file'</tt> option to generate an ELF executable is
currently unsupported.
@section Lexer
<hr>
Copyright (c) 2001, 2002 Fabrice Bellard <hr>
Fabrice Bellard - <em> fabrice.bellard at free.fr </em> - <A HREF="http://bellard.org/"> http://bellard.org/ </A> - <A HREF="http://www.tinycc.org/"> http://www.tinycc.org/ </A>
@code{next()} reads the next token in the current
file. @code{next_nomacro()} reads the next token without macro
expansion.
@code{tok} contains the current token (see @code{TOK_xxx})
constants. Identifiers and keywords are also keywords. @code{tokc}
contains additionnal infos about the token (for example a constant value
if number or string token).
@section Parser
The parser is hardcoded (yacc is not necessary). It does only one pass,
except:
@itemize
@item For initialized arrays with unknown size, a first pass
is done to count the number of elements.
@item For architectures where arguments are evaluated in
reverse order, a first pass is done to reverse the argument order.
@end itemize
@section Types
The types are stored in a single 'int' variable. It was choosen in the
first stages of development when tcc was much simpler. Now, it may not
be the best solution.
@example
#define VT_INT 0 /* integer type */
#define VT_BYTE 1 /* signed byte type */
#define VT_SHORT 2 /* short type */
#define VT_VOID 3 /* void type */
#define VT_PTR 4 /* pointer */
#define VT_ENUM 5 /* enum definition */
#define VT_FUNC 6 /* function type */
#define VT_STRUCT 7 /* struct/union definition */
#define VT_FLOAT 8 /* IEEE float */
#define VT_DOUBLE 9 /* IEEE double */
#define VT_LDOUBLE 10 /* IEEE long double */
#define VT_BOOL 11 /* ISOC99 boolean type */
#define VT_LLONG 12 /* 64 bit integer */
#define VT_LONG 13 /* long integer (NEVER USED as type, only
during parsing) */
#define VT_BTYPE 0x000f /* mask for basic type */
#define VT_UNSIGNED 0x0010 /* unsigned type */
#define VT_ARRAY 0x0020 /* array type (also has VT_PTR) */
#define VT_BITFIELD 0x0040 /* bitfield modifier */
#define VT_STRUCT_SHIFT 16 /* structure/enum name shift (16 bits left) */
@end example
When a reference to another type is needed (for pointers, functions and
structures), the @code{32 - VT_STRUCT_SHIFT} high order bits are used to
store an identifier reference.
The @code{VT_UNSIGNED} flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long
longs.
Arrays are considered as pointers @code{VT_PTR} with the flag
@code{VT_ARRAY} set.
The @code{VT_BITFIELD} flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long
longs. If it is set, then the bitfield position is stored from bits
VT_STRUCT_SHIFT to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 5 and the bit field size is stored
from bits VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 6 to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 11.
@code{VT_LONG} is never used except during parsing.
During parsing, the storage of an object is also stored in the type
integer:
@example
#define VT_EXTERN 0x00000080 /* extern definition */
#define VT_STATIC 0x00000100 /* static variable */
#define VT_TYPEDEF 0x00000200 /* typedef definition */
@end example
@section Symbols
All symbols are stored in hashed symbol stacks. Each symbol stack
contains @code{Sym} structures.
@code{Sym.v} contains the symbol name (remember
an idenfier is also a token, so a string is never necessary to store
it). @code{Sym.t} gives the type of the symbol. @code{Sym.r} is usually
the register in which the corresponding variable is stored. @code{Sym.c} is
usually a constant associated to the symbol.
Four main symbol stacks are defined:
@table @code
@item define_stack
for the macros (@code{#define}s).
@item global_stack
for the global variables, functions and types.
@item extern_stack
for the external symbols shared between files.
@item local_stack
for the local variables, functions and types.
@item label_stack
for the local labels (for @code{goto}).
@end table
@code{sym_push()} is used to add a new symbol in the local symbol
stack. If no local symbol stack is active, it is added in the global
symbol stack.
@code{sym_pop(st,b)} pops symbols from the symbol stack @var{st} until
the symbol @var{b} is on the top of stack. If @var{b} is NULL, the stack
is emptied.
@code{sym_find(v)} return the symbol associated to the identifier
@var{v}. The local stack is searched first from top to bottom, then the
global stack.
@section Sections
The generated code and datas are written in sections. The structure
@code{Section} contains all the necessary information for a given
section. @code{new_section()} creates a new section. ELF file semantics
is assumed for each section.
The following sections are predefined:
@table @code
@item text_section
is the section containing the generated code. @var{ind} contains the
current position in the code section.
@item data_section
contains initialized data
@item bss_section
contains uninitialized data
@item bounds_section
@itemx lbounds_section
are used when bound checking is activated
@item stab_section
@itemx stabstr_section
are used when debugging is actived to store debug information
@item symtab_section
@itemx strtab_section
contain the exported symbols (currently only used for debugging).
@end table
@section Code generation
@subsection Introduction
The TCC code generator directly generates linked binary code in one
pass. It is rather unusual these days (see gcc for example which
generates text assembly), but it allows to be very fast and surprisingly
not so complicated.
The TCC code generator is register based. Optimization is only done at
the expression level. No intermediate representation of expression is
kept except the current values stored in the @emph{value stack}.
On x86, three temporary registers are used. When more registers are
needed, one register is flushed in a new local variable.
@subsection The value stack
When an expression is parsed, its value is pushed on the value stack
(@var{vstack}). The top of the value stack is @var{vtop}. Each value
stack entry is the structure @code{SValue}.
@code{SValue.t} is the type. @code{SValue.r} indicates how the value is
currently stored in the generated code. It is usually a CPU register
index (@code{REG_xxx} constants), but additionnal values and flags are
defined:
@example
#define VT_CONST 0x00f0 /* constant in vc
(must be first non register value) */
#define VT_LLOCAL 0x00f1 /* lvalue, offset on stack */
#define VT_LOCAL 0x00f2 /* offset on stack */
#define VT_CMP 0x00f3 /* the value is stored in processor flags (in vc) */
#define VT_JMP 0x00f4 /* value is the consequence of jmp true (even) */
#define VT_JMPI 0x00f5 /* value is the consequence of jmp false (odd) */
#define VT_LVAL 0x0100 /* var is an lvalue */
#define VT_FORWARD 0x0200 /* value is forward reference */
#define VT_MUSTCAST 0x0400 /* value must be casted to be correct (used for
char/short stored in integer registers) */
#define VT_MUSTBOUND 0x0800 /* bound checking must be done before
dereferencing value */
#define VT_BOUNDED 0x8000 /* value is bounded. The address of the
bounding function call point is in vc */
#define VT_LVAL_BYTE 0x1000 /* lvalue is a byte */
#define VT_LVAL_SHORT 0x2000 /* lvalue is a short */
#define VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED 0x4000 /* lvalue is unsigned */
#define VT_LVAL_TYPE (VT_LVAL_BYTE | VT_LVAL_SHORT | VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED)
@end example
@table @code
@item VT_CONST
indicates that the value is a constant. It is stored in the union
@code{SValue.c}, depending on its type.
@item VT_LOCAL
indicates a local variable pointer at offset @code{SValue.c.i} in the
stack.
@item VT_CMP
indicates that the value is actually stored in the CPU flags (i.e. the
value is the consequence of a test). The value is either 0 or 1. The
actual CPU flags used is indicated in @code{SValue.c.i}.
@item VT_JMP
@itemx VT_JMPI
indicates that the value is the consequence of a jmp. For VT_JMP, it is
1 if the jump is taken, 0 otherwise. For VT_JMPI it is inverted.
These values are used to compile the @code{||} and @code{&&} logical
operators.
@item VT_LVAL
is a flag indicating that the value is actually an lvalue (left value of
an assignment). It means that the value stored is actually a pointer to
the wanted value.
Understanding the use @code{VT_LVAL} is very important if you want to
understand how TCC works.
@item VT_LVAL_BYTE
@itemx VT_LVAL_SHORT
@itemx VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED
if the lvalue has an integer type, then these flags give its real
type. The type alone is not suffisant in case of cast optimisations.
@item VT_LLOCAL
is a saved lvalue on the stack. @code{VT_LLOCAL} should be suppressed
ASAP because its semantics are rather complicated.
@item VT_MUSTCAST
indicates that a cast to the value type must be performed if the value
is used (lazy casting).
@item VT_FORWARD
indicates that the value is a forward reference to a variable or a function.
@item VT_MUSTBOUND
@itemx VT_BOUNDED
are only used for optional bound checking.
@end table
@subsection Manipulating the value stack
@code{vsetc()} and @code{vset()} pushes a new value on the value
stack. If the previous @code{vtop} was stored in a very unsafe place(for
example in the CPU flags), then some code is generated to put the
previous @code{vtop} in a safe storage.
@code{vpop()} pops @code{vtop}. In some cases, it also generates cleanup
code (for example if stacked floating point registers are used as on
x86).
The @code{gv(rc)} function generates code to evaluate @code{vtop} (the
top value of the stack) into registers. @var{rc} selects in which
register class the value should be put. @code{gv()} is the @emph{most
important function} of the code generator.
@code{gv2()} is the same as @code{gv()} but for the top two stack
entries.
@subsection CPU dependent code generation
See the @file{i386-gen.c} file to have an example.
@table @code
@item load()
must generate the code needed to load a stack value into a register.
@item store()
must generate the code needed to store a register into a stack value
lvalue.
@item gfunc_start()
@itemx gfunc_param()
@itemx gfunc_call()
should generate a function call
@item gfunc_prolog()
@itemx gfunc_epilog()
should generate a function prolog/epilog.
@item gen_opi(op)
must generate the binary integer operation @var{op} on the two top
entries of the stack which are guaranted to contain integer types.
The result value should be put on the stack.
@item gen_opf(op)
same as @code{gen_opi()} for floating point operations. The two top
entries of the stack are guaranted to contain floating point values of
same types.
@item gen_cvt_itof()
integer to floating point conversion.
@item gen_cvt_ftoi()
floating point to integer conversion.
@item gen_cvt_ftof()
floating point to floating point of different size conversion.
@item gen_bounded_ptr_add()
@item gen_bounded_ptr_deref()
are only used for bound checking.
@end table
@section Optimizations done
Constant propagation is done for all operations. Multiplications and
divisions are optimized to shifts when appropriate. Comparison
operators are optimized by maintaining a special cache for the
processor flags. &&, || and ! are optimized by maintaining a special
'jump target' value. No other jump optimization is currently performed
because it would require to store the code in a more abstract fashion.
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